FAQ

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate delivers a unique combination of high nutrient density, safety, and circular economy benefits, giving partners a strong competitive edge in multiple markets. Its multi-use applications—from fertiliser to water treatment and renewable energy—create diversified revenue streams and long-term value.

📘 Deep Dive:

1. Compared to conventional mineral fertilizers:

• Controlled-release phosphorus: Ensures efficient crop uptake, reduces nutrient losses, and minimizes environmental runoff.
• Cadmium-free and contaminant-free: Eliminates heavy metals often present in mined phosphate rock, improving food safety and regulatory compliance.
• Local sourcing: Reduces dependency on imported phosphate rock, mitigating supply risk and exposure to volatile commodity markets.
• Lower environmental footprint: Zero-emission, energy self-sufficient 3R production reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional mineral fertilizer manufacturing.

2. Compared to other recovered or recycled fertilizers (compost, digestate, struvite, etc.):

• Higher nutrient concentration: >35% P₂O₅ allows for lower application rates, reducing logistics and handling costs.
• Consistent quality: Standardized granules with predictable nutrient release provide reliability across crops and soils.
• Safety and purity: Cadmium-free, toxin-free, pathogen-free, and compliant with EU Fertilising Products Regulation (FPR 2019/1009).
• Ease of use: Granulated form compatible with standard fertilizer equipment, scalable for farms of all sizes.

3. Multi-use advantage and business opportunities:

• Fertilizer applications: Enhances crop yield, soil health, and circular nutrient recycling.
• Water-treatment adsorbents: High-quality carbon by-products capture contaminants, creating new industrial revenue streams.
• Renewable energy generation: Surplus electricity and heat from the 3R pyrolysis process can be reused on-site or sold, adding a third value stream.

4. Strategic market benefits:

• Differentiation: Combines circular economy principles, high nutrient efficiency, and multi-sector applications in a way competitors cannot easily replicate.
• Resilience: Partners benefit from predictable supply, regulatory alignment, and low-carbon, sustainable production.
• Profitability: Lower input costs, multi-stream revenues, and fast ROI cycles provide financial security and growth potential.

In short: ABC-BioPhosphate isn’t just another fertilizer—it’s a high-performance, circular, and multi-use solution that provides agronomic, environmental, and economic advantages while creating strong competitive positioning for partners and investors alike.

🌱 Quick Read:

The 3R technology is an original, deep-tech solution underpinned by a 360-degree, multi-layer IP strategy, protecting the core invention against global competition. This ensures lasting market advantage, commercial defensibility, and a strong competitive moat for several decades.

📘 Deep Dive:

Key protective layers:

• Documented know-how: Every process is safeguarded with secure backups, ensuring operational continuity and reliability for licensees.
• Engineering protected: Proprietary control systems to keep operations secure, efficient, and resistant to unauthorised replication.
• Trade Secrets: Confidential formulations, process parameters, and operational methods ensure licensees maintain a unique competitive advantage.
• IP Enforcement & Monitoring: Legal and technical mechanisms detect and prevent infringement, protecting market share and brand value.
• Team stability: 
  • Key Knowledge Retention: Critical technical know-how is held by a stable and experienced team, ensuring continuity even if licensees expand or enter new markets.
  • Succession & Knowledge Management: Succession planning ensures that deep-tech expertise remains in-house, preserving the competitive advantage.
  • Structured Training & SOPs: The team codifies operational procedures, manuals, and best practices, so the IP is transferable but securely maintained.
  • Collaborative IP Stewardship: The team actively monitors, enforces, and updates IP protections, maintaining a living, sustainable defence system.

Strategic impact:
Combined with partnerships and circular economy applications, this IP framework secures robust protection, unlocks long-term growth opportunities, and positions licensees at the forefront of sustainable fertiliser, water-treatment, and bio-based materials markets.

🌱 Quick Read:
The 3R technology and ABC-BioPhosphate products are breakthrough, field-validated solutions that combine high performance with reliability and ease of deployment. Fully authorised under REACH regulations, they are certified, insured, and market-ready, offering partners a proven, low-risk investment.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Advanced yet practical: Highly innovative and rigorously developed, the system avoids exotic or overly complex components, ensuring operational reliability.
• Regulatory compliance: Fully authorised under EU regulations, continuously monitored by Member State authorities, and registered under the highest REACH tonnage band.
• Global recognition: Endorsed with the Solar Impulse Efficient Solution Label and the EU Seal of Excellence.
• Investment security: Comprehensive industrial insurance and reinsurance program, combined with a detailed risk elimination strategy, protects partners’ investments.
• Market-ready: Not an experimental concept—this is a proven, certified, and commercially validated system with strong profitability potential.

🌱 Quick Read:

The 3R technology is a future-proof, multi-use innovation. It produces ABC-BioPhosphate fertilisers, renewable energy, and high-performance water-treatment adsorbents through a zero-emission, energy-independent pyrolysis process. This circular approach directly supports EU, US, and Australian climate targets and the EU 2030 sustainability agenda.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Sustainable fertiliser production: Converts animal bones and food industry by-products into ABC-BioPhosphate, a nutrient-rich, safe, and clean fertiliser that reduces dependency on imported, fossil-based inputs.
• Renewable energy generation: The energy self-sufficient 3R process produces surplus heat and electricity, further strengthening climate neutrality and energy independence.
• Advanced water treatment: Generates high-performance adsorbents that remove contaminants and improve water quality, enhancing global water security.
• Circular economy value: Transforms low-value, unexploited biomass into high-quality agricultural and environmental solutions, closing resource loops.
• Regulatory alignment: Anticipates tightening EU and global regulations while supporting the EU Green Deal, UN SDGs, and climate-smart agricultural practices.

In short: 3R technology is a multi-use circular innovation that boosts food and water security, delivers renewable energy, and strengthens resilience against climate and regulatory risks.

🌱 Quick Read:
The 3R technology and BioPhosphate products are commercially proven, field-tested, and supported by strong market demand, ensuring short ROI cycles. Investors benefit from diversified revenue streams, regulatory alignment, and long-term market stability.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Proven commercial performance: Conservative financial models and field validations confirm fast ROI, driven by premium-quality, contaminant-free fertilisers and advanced water-treatment adsorbents.
• Diversified revenue streams: Beyond fertilisers, the 3R process generates high-performance adsorbents and renewable energy, ensuring resilience against market fluctuations.
• Strong market demand: Rising need for safe, cadmium-free phosphorus and sustainable inputs creates predictable, long-term customer growth.
• Regulatory alignment: Fully compliant with EU, US, and Australian sustainability standards, reducing compliance risks and opening global market access.
• Circular economy integration: Transforms low-value by-products into high-quality products, supporting climate-smart farming and water security while cutting waste.
• Stable and scalable growth: The combination of certified technology, policy alignment, and sustainability impact positions investors for both robust returns and long-term value creation.

In short: ROI is secured through proven performance, diversified multi-use applications, strong market demand, and full regulatory alignment—delivering profitability with sustainability.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate offers scalable business opportunities with clear exit and growth options.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Franchise, licensing, or JV exit: Investors can monetize through licensing or joint venture buyouts.
• Market expansion: Scalable modular systems enable entry into new geographies quickly.
• Long-term growth: Circular economy model ensures recurring revenue from multiple value streams (fertilizer, water-treatment, energy).
• Strategic positioning: Future-proof business aligned with sustainability, regulatory, and market trends ensures long-term viability.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate follows a circular economy business model, turning unexploited biomass into high-value fertilisers and water-treatment adsorbents. The scalable 3R Zero Emission Pyrolysis Technology supports growth through licensing, joint ventures, and strategic partnerships, ensuring multiple revenue streams and strong market positioning.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Circular economy foundation: Converts unexploited food-grade by-products into natural, contaminant-free fertilisers and high-performance water-treatment materials.
• Multi-revenue model: Income streams include fertiliser sales, water-treatment applications, and technology licensing fees.
• Scalable replication: The modular, industrial-scale 3R technology enables rapid rollout across regions and markets.
• Partnership-driven: Operates via licensing, joint ventures, and strategic collaborations to expand reach and share expertise.
• Market alignment: Fully consistent with global sustainability regulations (EU Green Deal, UN SDGs, US and Australian frameworks), supporting strong policy-driven demand.
• Long-term growth: Combines profitability with environmental integrity, creating resilient opportunities in fertiliser, water-treatment, and bio-based materials markets.

In short: The ABC-BioPhosphate model is multi-stream, scalable, and circular, securing growth through sustainability, strategic partnerships, and market diversification.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate offers a flexible and scalable business model, including full assembly, licensing/franchising, joint ventures, or hybrid models. Expansion is enabled via regional distribution hubs, B2B/B2C channels, and partnerships with cooperatives or industrial corporations.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Multiple entry models:
  • Full assembly for in-house operations.
  • Licensing or franchising for rapid, low-risk rollout.
  • Joint ventures for shared investment and market access.
  • Hybrid models tailored to specific regional needs.
• Market access routes: Regional distribution hubs, direct B2B and B2C channels, and integration with Producer Organisations, cooperatives, or industrial corporations.
• Strategic advantages:
  • Ensures adaptability to local market structures and regulatory frameworks.
  • Leverages existing supply chains and partnerships for cost-efficient scaling.
  • Reduces operational risk while maximising market penetration.
  • Generates diversified revenue streams from fertiliser and water-treatment adsorbent applications.
• Circular leadership: Strengthens ABC-BioPhosphate’s role as a circular economy frontrunner, delivering environmentally responsible solutions at scale while ensuring sustainable profitability.

In short: Expansion is supported by a modular, partnership-driven model that balances rapid scalability with local adaptability, regulatory compliance, and multi-stream revenue generation.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate offers partners a low-risk, high-efficiency investment with short ROI cycles (3–4 years), low CAPEX and OPEX, and diversified revenue streams from fertilisers, water-treatment products, and surplus renewable energy.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Conservative investment design: Proven, field-tested technology ensures predictable performance and low operational risk.
• Financial efficiency: Low CAPEX and OPEX combined with rapid ROI cycles of 3–4 years.
• Multiple revenue streams: Fertiliser sales, water-treatment adsorbents, and surplus renewable energy.
• Market alignment: Targets high-growth, strategically important sectors with strong global demand.
• Regulatory fit: Fully aligned with EU, US, and international sustainability policies, reducing compliance risks and improving market access.
• Long-term stability: Optimises resources and delivers sustained environmental, societal, and financial value.

Quick Read:
The 3R mission aims for global deployment by 2026–2027, transforming nutrient recovery, bio-based materials, and water-treatment solutions into a circular, zero-emission bio-economy. ABC-BioPhosphate and 3R technology seek to replace contaminant-laden chemical fertilisers while creating sustainable, profitable, and climate-resilient solutions.

📘 Deep Dive:

By scaling up our 3R technology and ABC-BioPhosphate products, we aim to:

• Sustainable impact: Deliver carbon-negative solutions that strengthen climate resilience and promote circular economy principles.
• High-performance alternatives: Provide farmers, industries, and communities with safe, efficient, and affordable alternatives to conventional fertilisers and water-treatment adsorbents.
• Energy self-sufficiency: Enable operations that are energy-independent, supporting food security, clean water access, and economic growth.
• Global network: Establish industrial partnerships and licensees worldwide, fostering local value creation and green jobs.
• Vision beyond business: Drive the global green transition, securing resources for future generations while delivering long-term profitability in harmony with nature.

This is more than a business opportunity—it is a movement to lead the global green transition, securing resources for future generations while driving profitability in harmony with nature for the long term.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate combines a unique product offering, regulatory compliance, multi-use applications, scalability, and sustainability—making it a high-potential, competitive choice for investors and partners in agriculture, water treatment, and renewable energy.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Unique product positioning: Targets the growing demand for sustainable fertilisers, water-treatment solutions, and energy recovery.
• Compliant & Certified: Meets EU Fertilising Products Regulation (FPR 2019/1009) across multiple PFCs and CMCs, as well as agricultural standards in the US, UK, Australia, and Japan. Fully REACH certified (No. 01-2119490075-38-0042).
• Multi-use applications: Produces high-value fertilisers, advanced water-treatment adsorbents, and surplus renewable energy, addressing multiple strategic sectors simultaneously.
• Scalable production model: Flexible and adaptable to various markets and geographies, enabling rapid deployment while maintaining high quality and environmental compliance.
• Sustainability & circular economy advantage: Converts food-grade by-products into value-added outputs, supporting carbon-negative, zero-emission solutions and closing nutrient loops.

🌱 Quick Read:
Licensees and partners receive comprehensive support for production, technical operations, and market deployment.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Technical training: On-site and virtual training for plant operation, maintenance, and quality control.
• Agronomic guidance: Best practices for fertilizer application, crop management, and soil health optimization.
• Marketing & sales support: Tools and materials to facilitate market entry and customer engagement.
• Ongoing support: Continuous technical assistance and troubleshooting from 3R experts.

🌱 Quick Read:
3R offers global partners a low-risk, high-potential entry into sustainable fertilizers, water-treatment adsorbents, and renewable energy markets, leveraging proven technology and circular economy principles.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Strategic industrial partnerships: Partners can replicate the 3R Zero Emission Pyrolysis Technology in their regions, accessing fast-growing markets with minimal R&D investment.
• Rapid scaling: The proven system allows immediate industrial-scale deployment, supporting multi-use production (fertilizers, water-treatment adsorbents, and surplus energy).
• Multiple revenue streams: Partners benefit from diversified income from product sales, technology licensing, and energy recovery.
• Regulatory alignment: Operations comply with global sustainability and agricultural standards, reducing compliance risk and easing market entry.
• Circular economy integration: Converts food-grade by-products into contaminant-free, high-value outputs, enhancing resource efficiency and environmental performance.
• Long-term competitiveness: Establishes partners as leaders in sustainable agriculture, water treatment, and bio-based energy markets.

🌱 Quick Read:
Partners can access a diverse multi-use, market-ready portfolio spanning sustainable fertilisers, clean energy, and advanced water-treatment solutions—unlocking multiple revenue streams and circular economy benefits.

📘 Deep Dive:

• ABC-BioPhosphate fertiliser: Premium, phosphorus-rich, cadmium- and toxin-free, supporting climate-smart and regenerative agriculture.
• Green ammonia & hydrogen: Produced from refined bone oil, enabling clean energy applications and energy-independent operations.
• Advanced adsorbents: Designed for industrial and municipal water treatment, addressing environmental and water quality challenges.
• Bioenergy: Renewable surplus electricity for on-site use, improving energy efficiency and supporting carbon-negative operations.

This diverse and multi-use portfolio allows partners to leverage circular economy principles, transform food-grade by-products into high-value products, and capture diverse, fast-growing markets in agriculture, energy, and water treatment.

🌱 Quick Read:
3R combines scalable technology, circular economy integration, and multi-use product streams to create a resilient, future-proof business model. Partners benefit from rapid deployment, diverse revenue opportunities, and alignment with global sustainability and regulatory trends.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Proven scalability: The 3R Zero-Emission Pyrolysis Technology is modular and adaptable, allowing fast industrial deployment across multiple markets and geographies.
• Circular economy integration: Converts food-grade by-products into high-value fertilisers, water-treatment adsorbents, and energy, aligning with the EU Green Deal, UN SDGs, and other global sustainability policies.
• Multiple revenue streams: Partners can capitalise on ABC-BioPhosphate, green ammonia/hydrogen, advanced adsorbents, and renewable bioenergy, maximising profitability and resilience.
• Strong partnerships and networks: Strategic collaborations with industrial players, cooperatives, and regional operators accelerate market penetration and reduce operational risks.
• Future-proof positioning: The system supports climate-smart, carbon-negative agriculture, energy independence, and compliance with EU, US, AU, and other regulatory frameworks, ensuring long-term competitive advantage.

By integrating technology, sustainability, and market intelligence, 3R positions itself as a global leader in circular agriculture, water treatment, and renewable energy markets.

🌱 Quick Read:
3R seeks forward-looking partners with market reach and a commitment to sustainability and innovation, capable of deploying circular fertilizer, water-treatment, and renewable energy solutions at scale.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Agribusiness players: Companies looking for circular fertilization solutions that improve crop productivity, soil health, and climate resilience.
• Water technology companies: Organizations requiring high-grade adsorbents for industrial or municipal water treatment applications.
• Sustainable investors: Stakeholders focused on long-term growth, ESG impact, and profitability in circular bio-economy sectors.
• Agri-cooperatives & distributors: Entities with strong regional or global networks to ensure rapid adoption and market penetration.
• Producer Organizations: Large networks of farmer members that enable direct implementation and measurable impact.
• Industrial & technology partners: Corporations interested in joint ventures, licensing, or co-development to scale operations internationally.

By aligning with partners who combine market access, operational capability, and sustainability focus, 3R can rapidly deploy its proven technology, creating shared value across sustainable agriculture, clean water, and renewable energy.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate presents a profitable, scalable, and future-proof opportunity, tapping into growing global demand for contaminant-free fertilizers, water-treatment adsorbents, and renewable bioenergy—all derived from food-grade by-products.

📘 Deep Dive:

• High market demand: Rising fertiliser prices, the global phosphorus supply crisis, and stricter contaminant regulations are driving urgent need for clean, sustainable alternatives.
• Scalable investment: Industrial licensing enables partners and investors to deploy proven 3R technology quickly, with conservative financial models indicating fast ROI cycles.
• Multiple revenue streams: Income is generated from ABC-BioPhosphate fertilisers, advanced water-treatment adsorbents, and surplus renewable energy, ensuring diversified and resilient earnings.
• Regulatory and sustainability alignment: Operations comply with EU, US, and other global environmental standards, supporting circular economy principles and zero-emission production.
• Future-proof positioning: Investing in ABC-BioPhosphate strengthens market leadership in sustainable agriculture and bio-resource recovery, while enhancing ESG and climate-positive credentials.

This model combines financial profitability, regulatory security, and environmental impact, making ABC-BioPhosphate a strategic choice for long-term partners and investors.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate provides higher yields, lower input costs, and enhanced sustainability, while ensuring safe food production, healthier soils, and climate-smart agriculture—all through a circular, bio-based solution.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Lower input costs: Replaces expensive, fossil-fuel-based, and contaminant-laden chemical fertilisers with a cost-efficient, renewable alternative.
• Higher yields & crop quality: High nutrient density and bioavailability improve plant growth, resilience, and productivity, increasing market value of harvests.
• Food safety & consumer trust: 100% contaminant-free, officially certified, and authority-approved for safe, healthy food production.
• Soil health & circularity: Restores soil fertility via organic carbon, calcium, and trace elements, supporting regenerative practices and reducing dependence on external inputs.
• Climate-smart agriculture: Bio-based fertilisers from zero-emission processes reduce carbon footprint and align with EU Green Deal and global sustainability goals.
• Additional value streams: High-quality water-treatment adsorbents produced during the process provide industrial and municipal applications, creating extra revenue opportunities for farmers and communities.

ABC-BioPhosphate empowers farmers and end-users to achieve better yields at lower costs, while integrating sustainable fertiliser use and water treatment into one circular, environmentally responsible system

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate is ready for global expansion, with current opportunities in the EU27, UK, USA, Australia, and Japan, and growing interest from other regions. Its adaptable technology supports diverse climates, soils, and industrial contexts.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Global applicability: Products perform effectively across different soil types, climates, and farming systems, making them suitable for international deployment.
• Dual-sector opportunity: Addresses critical needs in sustainable agriculture (high-performance, contaminant-free fertilizers) and water treatment (advanced adsorbents).
• Regulatory compliance: Fully aligned with EU, US, UK, AU, and JP standards, enabling smooth entry into regulated markets.
• Scalable expansion: Production can be replicated through licensing, joint ventures, or partnerships, supporting rapid growth.
• Multiple revenue streams: Fertilizer sales, water-treatment products, and potential energy applications create diversified income sources.
• Circular economy alignment: Supports sustainability goals by converting food-grade by-products into high-value outputs, reinforcing climate-smart and resource-efficient agriculture.

ABC-BioPhosphate offers partners a ready-to-scale, compliant, and profitable solution for expanding into key international markets while delivering environmental and economic benefits.

Biochar is a stable carbon soil improver and/or solid organic fertilizer made from plant biomass or animal bone meal, expressly manufactured for soil functional applications only. Plant-based biochar contains a high carbon content (>90%) and has a micro- to meso-porous structure. It is produced by pyrolysis at temperatures above 450°C for 20 minutes at the material core, resulting in a product with low carbonization temperature that ensures high quality and safety for users.

Animal bone-based biochar (ABC, Animal Bone Char, or BioPhosphate) has a low carbon content (<10%) and a highly macro-porous structure. It is produced by pyrolysis at temperatures above 850°C for 20 minutes at the material core, which is a high-temperature process that also guarantees high user quality and safety.

All types of biochar are designed for soil functionality. A wide range of biomass feedstocks can be used for biochar production, provided that the final product complies with Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 CMC14 criteria and meets soil functionality requirements. All biochars fall under EU REACH regulatory control.

At commercial scale, market-driven biochar products are formulated in various ways. Energetic functional charcoal and labile carbon hydro-char are not considered biochar products

Animal Bone Char (ABC) – BioPhosphate Adsorbent Product

The ABC–BioPhosphate adsorbent is a unique form of activated carbon derived from food-grade animal bone meal. Its capacity to remove a wide range of potential toxic elements (PTEs) and macromolecular organic contaminants significantly exceeds that of coal- or coconut shell–based activated carbon.

Produced at a high core material temperature of 850 °C under two specific processing conditions, the ABC–BioPhosphate develops distinctive macroporous properties that enable the effective adsorption of large organic molecules, colorants, and dissolved metals. This makes it especially suitable for water and liquid treatment applications aimed at pollutant capture.

Importantly, the ABC–BioPhosphate adsorbent can be regenerated and reused several times, contributing to sustainability and cost-effectiveness.

Key Characteristics of the 3R Adsorbent:

• Made from food-grade animal bones processed at >850°C for 20 minutes core material temperature.
• Composed of >35% P₂O₅ with macro-porous calcium phosphate matrix, free from organics or protein residues.
• High surface area and porosity, optimized for adsorption of:
  • Heavy metals (e.g., lead, cadmium, arsenic)
  • Organic pollutants
  • Chemical residues
  • Radionuclides
• Fully REACH-certified and developed under EU Fertilizing Products Regulation (EU 2019/1009 CMC14).
• Can be regenerated and reused in water treatment applications, reducing lifecycle costs.

Applications:

• Drinking water purification
• Food industrial and agricultural water treatment
• Industrial wastewater remediation
• Radionuclide-contaminated water decontamination
• Military or emergency scenarios

Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS): CCUS refers to the process of capturing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, typically from large point sources such as power plants or industrial facilities that use fossil fuels or biomass. The captured CO₂ can then be reused (utilisation) or permanently stored underground (storage).

CCUS technologies can be retrofitted to existing industrial and power generation infrastructure, enabling their continued operation while significantly reducing emissions. This makes CCUS particularly valuable for hard-to-abate sectors such as cement, steel, and chemical industries.

CCUS plays a key role in achieving the Net Zero emissions target, contributing to climate neutrality by preventing CO₂ from entering the atmosphere.

Key Performance Indicator for the Quality and Safety of BIOCHAR Products
The primary Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for all biochar products is the PAH19 (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) content. A strict maximum limit of 1 mg/kg PAH19 is applied, as defined in certain EU Member State regulations since 2005.

To meet this stringent requirement, advanced and specialized technologies are necessary — such as the 3R system — which has been specifically developed for the high-temperature processing of animal bone char. PAHs are persistent organic pollutants and recognized environmental carcinogens; therefore, their concentration in thermally treated products must be kept as low as technically possible to ensure safety and environmental compliance.

The "Web of Life" refers to the complex network of relationships between living and non-living components within an ecosystem. An ecosystem consists of all the living organisms—animals, plants, and microorganisms—and the non-living elements such as soil, water, and air in a specific environment, like a forest or lake.

All living beings depend on one another, as well as on non-living factors, to survive. This includes the need for food, shelter, water, and other resources. The concept of the Web of Life illustrates this deep interdependence: each element plays a role in maintaining the balance and functioning of the ecosystem.

Plants and animals rely on intricate food chains and nutrient cycles, demonstrating how tightly woven and interconnected life truly is within nature.

3R recycling technology produces high-quality products such as ABC (Animal Bone Char) BioPhosphate compound bio-fertilisers designed for organic farming, especially under drought-tolerant climatic conditions. ABC BioPhosphate is a solid, phosphorus-rich, bio-based natural fertiliser that serves as a sustainable substitute for fossil energy-intensive and toxic mineral phosphate fertilisers contaminated with Cadmium and Uranium. Additionally, it can be used as an adsorbent in water treatment applications.

This product is made from food-grade animal bones processed with advanced, next-generation 3R zero-emission pyrolysis technology, enabling bioenergy production and nutrient recovery without the use of any chemicals during the upcycling process.

Other products include:

• Green ammonia, from which hydrogen and ammonium nitrate are extracted from refined bone oil.
• Adsorbents for a wide range of specialized water treatment applications.
• Recovered energy for on-site or on-farm utilization, increasing profitability in linked symbiotic industrial operations.

🌱 Quick Read

Yes. 3R technology is a certified deep-tech innovation built on advanced engineering and scientific breakthroughs. It has been developed with user-driven insights for market-competitive deployment in major markets, including the EU, USA, Australia, and Japan. By 2025, it reached TRL8 at a regional industrial scale, demonstrating full commercial proof. The next step (2026–2027) is TRL9, enabling international-scale replication with 10× production capacity, unlocking high profitability through economies of scale. Its business model integrates high-tech engineering, biotech, and material science, combining technological depth with market readiness.

📘 Deep Dive

Deep-tech foundation

• Developed through decades of R&D and pilot validation, integrating thermochemical industrial engineering, material science, and agricultural innovation.
• Operates with a zero-emission, energy-independent pyrolysis process, combining environmental engineering and biotech innovation.
• Protected by a multi-layer, 360° IP strategy, ensuring long-term defensibility and global competitiveness.

Global scalability

• The business model is designed for replication at industrial scale, achieving economies of scale, and adaptable to diverse climates and regulatory environments (EU, US, Australia, Japan).
• Flexible deployment pathways include licensing, joint ventures, or strategic industrial partnerships, enabling fast, capital-efficient scaling and rapid global market growth.
• By 2026–2027, the goal is to establish a global network of facilities, each converting food-grade by-products into high-value fertilisers, water-treatment adsorbents, and renewable energy.

Why this matters for partners

• 3R is not only a deep-tech innovation but also a market-ready, de-risked solution, combining scientific credibility with a proven, profitable business model.
• Partners benefit from a first-mover advantage in phosphorus recovery, water treatment, and bioenergy markets.
• The deep-tech foundation ensures the technology is future-proof, aligned with tightening sustainability policies and global climate agendas.

🌱 Quick Read

No. Pyrolysis materials have been around for more than 150 years, primarily in energy and activated carbon applications. What’s new today is the advanced generation of safe, efficient, and regulation-compliant pyrolysis technologies, such as 3R’s ABC-BioPhosphate, which meets 21st-century industrial, environmental, and agricultural demands.

📘 Deep Dive:

1. Historical perspective:

• Pyrolysis technologies date back to the technological revolution of the 1870s, with widespread use during World War I and II and in later decades.
• Traditional applications included carbon fuels and activated carbon adsorbents, many of which are now already outdated or obsolete.
• Over 150 years of R&Ds have made carbon processing one of the most extensively studied industrial fields.

2. Why a new generation was needed:

• Since the 2000s, stricter industrial, environmental, and climate standards have emerged, raising the bar on safety, performance, and quality.
• Old pyrolysis systems cannot meet these requirements, creating the need for novel, high-tech, next-generation solutions.

3. 3R’s specialization and evolution:

• Since the 1980s, Edward Someus has specialised in low-material-core pyrolysis (~450 ºC) for activated carbon and plant based biochar.
• In 2002, the ABC (Animal Bone Char) BioPhosphate concept was introduced, and from 2011 onward, development accelerated into a full high-tech specialisation that is resulting global market demanded high end products for wide range of industrial applications
• Today, ABC represents a state-of-the-art 3R Zero Emission Pyrolysis process, operating at a unique 850 ºC high-material-core temperature and other interconnected treatments, well above conventional biochar production.

4. What makes 3R different:

• Material refinery integration: Goes beyond simple carbonization to refine animal bone biomass into calcium-phosphate-rich biofertilisers and adsorbents.
• Biotech synergy: Combines material engineering with biotech formulations for advanced compound fertilisers.
• Regulatory compliance: Fully authorised under strict EU, US, and major global market player national standards..
• Market validation: Achieved industrial-scale maturity, with user-driven commercial performance demonstrated and strong profitability.

5. The value for partners and markets:

• ABC-BioPhosphate isn’t just another pyrolysis product—it’s a high-performance, multi-use solution at competitive market pricing.
• Offers a triple value stream: premium fertiliser, advanced green water-treatment adsorbents, and renewable energy, all aligned with circular economy and climate goals.
• Creates lasting impact: generates sustainable financial and non-financial value for all value chain stakeholders, giving partners and licensees a durable competitive advantage.

In summary: While pyrolysis itself is not new, the 3R ABC technology represents a radically upgraded, regulation-ready, next-generation solution that turns a historic process into a future-proof, profitable, and sustainable business opportunity on global level.

🌱 Quick Read:
3R technology is a globally significant, breakthrough solution that safely and efficiently upcycles unexploited food-industry biomass into high-value biofertilisers, adsorbents, and green energy. It is fully industrialized, evidence-based, economically viable, and EU-recognised.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Strategic & globally significant invention: Addresses high-value recycling, material recovery, and circular economy goals.
• Breakthrough, evidence-based original innovation: Developed over 15 years (2010–2025) with series of rigorous R&D, pilot testing, and industrial validation.
• EU recognition & support: Developed under European Commission programs, meeting strict EU standards for safety, quality, and environmental performance.
• High-value processing: Efficiently recovers organic phosphorus and nutrients from food-grade animal by-products.
• The 3R technology has been implemented and proven at TRL8 on a regional industrial scale. It is ready to advance to TRL9 for international-scale deployment, with 10× production capacity and high profitability through economies of scale.
• Proven, authorised, and practical: Operates using reliable, non-exotic technical solutions while maintaining advanced industrial performance.
• Economically viable: Demonstrates scalable profitability, energy self-sufficiency, and multi-product outputs (fertiliser, adsorbents, green energy). Viable at international industrial scales above 20,800 tons/year.

🌱 Quick Read:
3R only uses unexploited, low-grade and low value biomass by-products from agriculture and food industries that do not compete with food, feed, or primary crop production, ensuring a sustainable and circular supply chain.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Sustainable feedstock: Inputs include low-grade, non-food agricultural by-products, such as animal bone grist, seafood shells, and plant residues. No primary or secondary agricultural land for food production is used.
• Circular economy alignment: Feedstock is carefully selected to maximise value recovery while minimising environmental impact. 
• High feed flexibility: The system can process a wide range of biomass streams, allowing production of fertilisers, biochar, adsorbents, and green energy tailored to market demands.
• Environmental & climate benefits: By avoiding competition with food production and using unexploited biomass, 3R reduces waste, preserves natural resources, and contributes to carbon-negative, sustainable solutions. 
• Global applicability: Inputs can be locally sourced across regions, supporting scalable, replicable, and circular bioeconomy models.
• Market relevance: 3R outputs serve rapidly growing major sectors—sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, and industrial water treatment—creating multiple value streams from a single feedstock.

Summary: User-driven and globally competitive, 3R processes only sustainable, non-competitive, and flexible input materials. The technology produces safe, high-value outputs that advance circular economy objectives, support climate resilience, and contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

🌱 Quick Read

The 3R (Recycle–Recover–Reuse) Zero Emission and Energy-Independent Pyrolysis technology follows a circular economy approach, converting unexploited biomass into high-value, safe, and sustainable products such as ABC-BioPhosphate. It operates as a zero-emission, energy-independent process that supports environmental, social, and economic sustainability, while creating a highly profitable business case.

📘 Deep Dive

• Circular economy & zero emissions: All material streams are recycled and reused, producing fully safe, high-value outputs (biofertilisers, adsorbents, green energy) while eliminating greenhouse gas emissions.
• Safe products: BioPhosphate is cadmium-free and safe for soils, crops, and consumers.
• Sustainable feedstock: Uses renewable, unexploited by-products from food and agricultural industries, avoiding competition with food or feed supplies.
• Environmental & climate impact: Supports carbon-negative applications, reduces resource consumption, and improves water and soil management.
• Energy efficiency: Autothermal, energy self-sufficient process with high-efficiency energy conversion and low operational costs.
• Social & economic benefits: Promotes job creation, SME engagement, improved food quality and safety, and local economic development.
• Flexibility & adaptability: Can be tailored regionally to meet local technical, environmental, climate, economic, and social conditions worldwide.
• Resource efficiency: Optimises conversion of organic by-products into high-value outputs, enhancing circular food and water management systems.

Summary: The 3R  (Recycle–Recover–Reuse) Zero Emission and Energy-Independent Pyrolysis technology transforms unexploited biomass into sustainable, safe, and high-value products through an energy-efficient, zero-emission process, integrating environmental protection, social benefits, and economic value in a globally adaptable model.

🌱 Quick Read:
The 3R (Recycle–Recover–Reuse) Zero Emission and Energy-Independent Pyrolysis technology upcycles all material and energy flows into high-value products with no greenhouse gas emissions. Upcycling means giving materials a “second life” with enhanced function, utility, and economic or non-financial value. This fully sustainable process supports circular economy principles and aligns with global climate goals.

📘 Deep Dive:

• True zero-emission operation: All material and energy streams are fully captured and upcycled, with no greenhouse gas release.
• Comprehensive upcycling: Every material stream and energy output is converted into fertilisers, biochar, adsorbents, or green energy. 
• Environmental leadership & SDG alignment: Minimises carbon footprint, supports the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), fully aligns with Paris Agreement climate targets, and meets EU/US/AU environmental norms. 
• High-tech, industrially scalable: Delivers economic, environmental, and climate efficiency simultaneously. 
• Circular economy contribution: Demonstrates a closed-loop, zero-waste system, applicable across multiple sectors and generating new revenue streams.

🌱 Quick Read:
3R technology is fully energy-independent, generating its own renewable electricity and heat on-site from biomass pyrolysis. This enables fossil-free, climate-neutral operations, powering ABC-BioPhosphate production and other on-site applications.

📘 Deep Dive:

•  On-site renewable energy generation: Bio-oil and syngas from pyrolysis produce over 3 MWe/h (≈24,000 MWe/year) of electricity and heat, fully meeting the system’s energy demands without relying on external or fossil-based sources. 
•  Supports diverse operations:
  • Continuous 3R pyrolysis processing
  • Full BIO-NPK-C formulation of ABC-BioPhosphate (microbial enrichment, composting, granulation, drying)
  • On-farm horticultural activities (irrigation, greenhouse management, precision fertilisation)
  • Post-harvest processing (cooling, freezing, freeze-drying, packaging, storage)
• Environmental benefits: Eliminates fossil fuel use, reduces the carbon footprint, and contributes to climate neutrality and EU/Paris Agreement decarbonisation goals. 
• Economic resilience: Shields operators from energy price volatility and grid dependency. 
• Circular economy integration: Converts waste biomass into high-value products and renewable energy, enabling a closed-loop, sustainable system. 
• Scalability & adaptability: Supports deployment in rural or off-grid regions, enabling decentralized and resilient bioeconomy models.

Summary: 3R technology transforms biomass waste into renewable energy and premium bio-based products, creating a fully integrated, zero-emission, energy-autonomous, and economically viable recycling solution aligned with global sustainability goals.

🌱 Quick Read:

3R is a new-generation, zero-emission, self-sustaining pyrolysis refinery technology that transforms animal bones and other unexploited biomass into phosphorus-rich fertilisers, carbon-based adsorbents, renewable energy, and biochar. The process is autothermal, ensuring climate-neutral operation, and delivers high-value products for agriculture, water treatment, and green energy. Its modular, scalable design enables industrial deployment worldwide, fully aligned with EU sustainability and circular economy goals.

📘 Deep Dive:

Key features and benefits of the 3R technology include:

• Breakthrough deep-tech: Engineered for high-temperature processing (>850 °C for phosphorus recovery, >450 °C for carbon biochar), ensuring complete nutrient recovery, sterilisation, and long-term material stability. 
• Zero-emission & autothermal: Operates without greenhouse gas release; the process is energy self-sufficient, generating surplus renewable electricity and heat for on-site use. 
• High-value outputs: 
  • ABC (Animal Bone Char) BioPhosphate fertilisers – cadmium- and uranium-free.
  • Carbon-based adsorbents – for water treatment and environmental remediation.
  • Green energy – renewable electricity and thermal energy for agricultural or industrial applications.
• Modular & scalable: Flexible deployment across diverse geographic and climatic zones, from on-farm units to industrial-scale facilities. 
• Circular economy & sustainability: Fully aligned with the EU Green Deal, Farm-to-Fork strategy, and Paris Agreement, converting unexploited biomass into high-value, safe, and climate-responsible products. 
• Industrial design & IP protection: Invented by Swedish upcycling engineer Edward Someus, safeguarded by multi-layer intellectual 360 degree property rights, and recognised by multiple EU innovation programmes. 

Application sectors:

• Sustainable agriculture – organic phosphorus fertilisers, soil enhancers.
• Water treatment – carbon adsorbents for contaminant removal.
• Energy production – decentralised renewable energy solutions.
• Food industry valorisation – transforming by-products into valuable resources.

Summary: 3R technology upcycles low-value biomass into premium outputs, creating a resilient, closed-loop system for agriculture, water management, and energy. It sets a new industrial benchmark in circular economy innovation, combining sustainability with profitability.

🌱 Quick Read:
The 3R formulation is a specialized agri-biotech innovation that transforms BioPhosphate and biochar into tailored BIO-NPK-C compound biofertilisers. Designed for climate-smart and sustainable farming, these formulations restore soil health, increase crop yields, and reduce environmental impact.

📘 Deep Dive:
• Core components:

• BioPhosphate: Produced through high-temperature pyrolysis (>850 °C) of animal bones, delivering a cadmium- and uranium-free organic phosphorus source.
• Biochar: Generated from diverse biomass streams at >450 °C, enhancing soil structure, carbon sequestration, and nutrient retention.
• Biological additives & microbial consortia: Beneficial microorganisms improve nutrient uptake, strengthen soil biodiversity, and boost crop resilience under climate stress.
• Balanced BIO-NPK-C ratios: Nutrients and organic carbon are customized by crop type and soil condition, enabling long-term fertility and circular nutrient management.

• Key benefits:

• Tailor-made, crop- and region-specific formulations, fully compliant with organic farming standards.
• Higher nutrient-use efficiency, reducing dependence on fossil-based synthetic fertilisers.
• Supports regenerative agriculture, soil restoration, and carbon farming practices.
• Compliant with EU Fertilising Products Regulation (FPR) and relevant organic certification schemes.
• Delivers high-value bio-based products, combining ecological sustainability with strong economic performance.

Summary:
The 3R formulation represents a next-generation biofertiliser system, merging advanced biotechnology with circular economy principles. By integrating BioPhosphate, biochar, and beneficial microbiology, it enables climate-smart, productive, and resilient agriculture worldwide.

🌱 Quick Read:
Autothermal operation in the 3R system means the pyrolysis process generates all the heat and green electricity power it needs internally—without external energy—using energy released from the biomass itself. This ensures energy self-sufficiency and produces surplus green electricity for other uses.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Internal energy balance: Energy-absorbing (endothermic) and energy-releasing (exothermic) reactions are carefully balanced to maintain reactor temperature. Heat comes entirely from the pyrolysis process itself, utilizing the bio-oil and syngas produced from animal bones.
• Bioenergy generation: High-calorific-value bone bio-oil and syngas (>36 MJ/kg) are produced. About one-third of this energy powers the system; the remaining two-thirds can be converted to surplus green electricity for on-site use or grid feeding.
• Key benefits:
  • Cost reduction: No need for external fossil fuels.
  • Lower GHG emissions: Supports the zero-emission profile of 3R technology.
  • Process stability: Precise thermal management improves efficiency and reliability.
  • Scalability: Adaptable to different feedstocks and operational scales.

Summary: Autothermal operation is a core innovation of 3R, enabling energy independence, high efficiency, and environmentally sustainable biofertiliser production.

🌱 Quick Read:
3R Pyrolysis is a breakthrough zero-emission and energy-independent thermal recycling process that upcycles plant- and animal-based biomass into high-value products. It produces BioPhosphate fertiliser, water treatment adsorbents, biochar, bio-oil, syngas, and surplus renewable electricity — all without fossil inputs or greenhouse gas emissions.

📘 Deep Dive:

Process overview:

• Reductive thermal decomposition under vacuum: Plant biomass is processed at ≤450 °C material core temperature, while animal bones, as required for technical reasons, must be processed at ≥850 °C to ensure complete phosphorus recovery. The vacuum environment prevents oxidation and guarantees clean, contaminant-free outputs
• Autothermal operation: The system generates all required heat internally and can produce surplus electricity at industrial scale.
• Zero-emission: All material and energy streams are upcycled into safe, high-value products, with no greenhouse gas or pollutant emissions.

Main products:

• ABC (Animal Bone Char) BioPhosphate: Phosphorus-rich, cadmium- and uranium-free fertiliser for organic and low-input farming.
• Plant-based Biochar: Carbon-rich soil amendment improving soil fertility, water retention, and carbon sequestration.
• Bio-oil (Bone oil): High-calorific liquid fuel and platform for green hydrogen, green ammonia, and ammonium nitrate production.
• Syngas: Combustible gas mixture (hydrogen, CO, others) for renewable electricity and heat.
• Green Adsorbents: Advanced carbon-based materials for industrial, municipal and defence water treatment.

Industrial integration:

• Incorporates agro-biotechnological processes such as solid-state fermentation and advanced fertiliser formulation.
• Includes syngas and bio-oil refinery units for full product valorisation.
• Modular, scalable design: Adaptable to diverse geographies and climate zones, from farm-level units to industrial-scale operations.
• The 3R technology has been implemented and proven at TRL8 on a regional industrial scale. It is ready to advance to TRL9 for international-scale deployment, with 10× production capacity and high profitability through economies of scale.

Key advantages:

• Environmentally friendly and energy-efficient compared to conventional pyrolysis.
• High added-value recovery from low-grade biomass, supporting circular economy principles.
• Multiple revenue streams across agriculture, industry, energy, and water treatment sectors.

Summary:
3R Pyrolysis is not just a technology, but a fully validated industrial bio-refinery model — transforming low-value biomass into sustainable fertilisers, renewable energy, and water-treatment products. It delivers scalable profitability while fully aligned with the EU Green Deal and Paris Agreement climate goals.

🌱 Quick Read:
3R Upcycling is a zero-emission, energy-independent bio-refinery process that upgrades unexploited biomass into high-value fertilisers, carbon materials, and renewable energy. Unlike traditional recycling, which often downcycles material quality, upcycling adds new functionality, performance, and market value — turning waste into premium resources while advancing circular economy and sustainability goals.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Process overview:

• Converts low-grade, non-food biomass streams into safer and higher-performing outputs.
• Operates as an autothermal, energy self-sufficient, closed-loop system — generating surplus renewable electricity and heat.
• Focuses on enhancing the quality, utility, and climate footprint of the final products.

• Value creation:

• Economic: Produces market-ready, premium products with multiple revenue streams.
• Environmental: Reduces waste, eliminates pollutant emissions, and maximises resource efficiency.
• Climate impact: Delivers carbon-negative solutions aligned with the EU Green Deal, Zero Pollution Action Plan, and 2030 Climate Target Plan.

• Strategic significance:

• Upcycling is a core pillar of the 3R circular bioeconomy model.
• Enables multi-product generation, including ABC-BioPhosphate fertilisers, biochar, renewable energy, and water-treatment adsorbents.
• Strengthens sustainable agriculture, energy independence, and industrial innovation at global scale.

Summary:
3R Upcycling is more than recycling — it is a next-generation, zero-emission transformation pathway that gives low-value biomass a second life as premium fertilisers, carbon materials, and green energy. By combining economic, environmental, and climate benefits, it accelerates the green transition and global circular bioeconomy.

🌱 Quick Read:
The Business Readiness Level (BRL) is a framework that assesses how close a business model is to full-scale market deployment.
3R technology is progressing towards BRL9, which represents economically viable, international-scale industrial rollout—but has not yet fully reached it.

📘 Deep Dive:

Purpose:

• Measures the maturity of a business concept, from early-stage idea to replicated commercial operation.
• Complements TRL (Technology Readiness Level) by focusing on business scalability, replication, and market adoption.

Highest Level – BRL9:

• Represents full business implementation at an industrial scale.
• Demonstrates economic viability, stable profitability, and large-scale market deployment.
• Enables replication of multiple facilities delivering market-competitive products across regions.

Current Status for 3R:

• 3R technology and ABC-BioPhosphate have proven technical validation, regulatory approval, and market demand.
• Demonstrated scalability and profitability at TRL8/BRL8 levels.
• Actively progressing toward BRL9, with industrial replication projects, licensing opportunities, and strategic partnerships underway.

✅ Summary:
BRL is a key metric of business and market readiness. While 3R has not yet reached BRL9, it is rapidly advancing toward full-scale, economically viable deployment supported by industrial validation, strong partner interest, and growing commercial uptake. 

👉 TRL (Technology Readiness Level) measures how mature and proven the technology itself is, while BRL (Business Readiness Level) evaluates how ready the business model is for scalable, profitable market deployment.

🌱 Quick Read:
The 3R (Recycle–Recover–Reuse) Zero Emission Pyrolysis and Phosphorus Recovery process is a nature-inspired, fully circular bio-refinery system. It converts all material and energy streams from biomass into high-value products, achieving zero waste and minimizing environmental impact.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Nature-inspired circularity: Mimics natural bio-geo-chemical cycles, continuously recycling carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen. 
• Phosphorus Recovery: Animal by-products are processed to produce compound BIO-NPK-C fertilisers enriched with essential micronutrients for improved soil fertility and crop nutrition. 
• Carbon Recycling: High-temperature thermal carbonization converts biomass into stable biochar for soil enhancement and carbon-negative applications.  
• Bioformulation: Integrates biotechnological treatments to optimize nutrient and carbon bioavailability, enhancing plant uptake efficiency and supporting sustainable agriculture. 
• Bioenergy Production: Pyrolysis gases and refined bio-oils are upgraded into renewable fuels and syngas, providing green energy for farms or industrial facilities. 
• Circular Bioeconomy Integration: Combines fertilizer, energy, and carbon outputs into a closed-loop system, maximizing resource efficiency, reducing environmental impact, and creating multiple revenue streams.

Summary:
The 3R Zero Pyrolysis and Phosphorus Recovery process transforms unexploited biomass into high-value, climate-smart products, fully closing material and energy loops while promoting sustainable agriculture, green adsorbents and renewable energy, and circular economy principles.

🌱 Quick Read:
3R becomes commercially competitive and efficient at industrial scales above 10,000 tonnes per year per unit, where fixed costs are distributed, processes are optimized, and OPEX is reduced—making sustainable fertilisers, biochar, and water-treatment products economically viable.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Cost Efficiency: Higher production volumes spread fixed costs (equipment, infrastructure, administration) over more units, lowering per-unit costs and improving profitability. 
• Optimal Industrial Scale: Economies of scale typically emerge at 10,000+ tonnes/year, enabling competitive market pricing and sustainable operations. 
• Operational Benefits: 
  • Streamlined raw material sourcing 
  • Improved process efficiency 
  • Higher energy efficiency via optimised system utilisation
• Market Advantages: Larger-scale operations allow investment in advanced technology, quality control, and logistics, ensuring consistent product quality and strong market positioning. 
• Strategic Importance: Industrial-scale deployment ensures bio-based fertilisers, biochar, and adsorbents are not only environmentally sustainable but also financially competitive with conventional alternatives.

Summary:
Scaling 3R technology to industrial volumes delivers combined economic, environmental, and operational advantages, ensuring competitiveness in fertiliser, biochar, and water-treatment markets.

🌱 Quick Read:
The Investment Readiness Level (IRL) measures how financially prepared a project is for investment. 3R technology is steadily progressing towards IRL9, which represents full-scale industrial investment readiness.

📘 Deep Dive: 

• Definition: IRL is a framework (used by OECD and major financial institutions) to evaluate financial maturity, resilience, and readiness for industrial-scale investment. 
• IRL Scale: 
  • 1–5: Early stages – concept, business model, preliminary funding 
  • 6–7: Pilot-scale investments and market validation 
  • 8: Pre-commercial financial viability under real operational conditions in regional scale
  • 9: Full industrial-scale investment readiness, financial resilience, and competitive market uptake in international scale
• 3R Status: 
  • Surpassed early-stage IRL levels with EU program co-financed support and industrial validation 
  • Currently in advanced pre-commercial stage (IRL 8) in regional productions scale, with active financial and market structuring 
  • Progressing towards IRL9 as international industrial-scale deployment and global market replication advance

Summary:
3R technology is on a clear trajectory toward full financial maturity and industrial-scale investment readiness, demonstrating strong market potential while approaching IRL9 towards global markets.

🌱 Quick Read:
The Technology Readiness Level (TRL) framework measures technological maturity from basic research to full industrial deployment. 3R technology is progressing toward TRL9, the stage for international full industrial-scale replication.

📘 Deep Dive: 

• Definition: TRL is a standardised framework (created by NASA and adopted by EARTO) for assessing the maturity of a technology. 
• TRL Scale: 
  • 1–5: Concept, lab validation, proof of principle 
  • 6–7: Prototype testing in relevant or operational environments 
  • 8: Demonstration at pre-commercial regional industrial scale 
  • 9: Full commercial global deployment at an economically viable international industrial scale 
• 3R Status: 
  • Surpassed early-stage TRLs with successful lab and pilot demonstrations
  • Currently at TRL 8, validated in relevant industrial environments in regional industrial scale
  • Progressing toward TRL9 as international industrial-scale implementation and replication continue

Summary:
TRL provides a clear benchmark for technological maturity. 3R technology is nearing full-scale global commercialisation but in 2025 has not yet achieved TRL9.

🌱 Quick Read:
3R technology converts unexploited biomass by-products from the food, agricultural, and forestry sectors into high-value outputs like Bio-Phosphate fertilisers,  green adsorbents, and soil improvers, fully aligned with circular economy and sustainability principles.

📘 Deep Dive:
Line 1: Biomass for phosphorus recovery and adsorbent production:

• Category 2 and 3 animal bones: Pre-processed cattle, pig, poultry, or other food-grade bones, upcycled into: (i) ABC (Animal Bone Char) BioPhosphate fertilisers and (ii) High-purity green adsorbents for water and environmental treatment

Line 2: Biomass for soil improver production

• Plant-based agricultural by-products: Crop residues, husks, shells, straw, etc. 

• Forestry by-products: Sawdust, bark, and lignocellulosic residues 

• Other organic by-products: Non-food-grade materials suitable for biochar-based soil improvers and carbon sequestration

✅ Key Sustainability Criterion:
All input streams are non-food, non-feed by-products that do not compete with human or animal nutrition. They are low-value, underutilised resources transformed into safe, high-value, and sustainable products.

🌱 Quick Read:
Yes. As the 3R technology advances toward TRL 9, a multi-level AI system is being developed to support full-scale industrial applications. The goal is to maximize operational efficiency, ensure zero-emission compliance, and accelerate global market expansion.

📘 Deep Dive:
The AI integration at TRL 9 will enhance the 3R system in multiple areas: 

• Process Automation – Optimizing and streamlining all critical 3R industrial operations. 
• Zero-Emission Monitoring & Control – Ensuring continuous compliance with environmental and climate targets. 
• Energy System Management – Maximizing use of internally generated bio-oil and syngas while optimizing surplus green electricity, including powering AI-driven data centers. 
• Product Quality Assurance – Real-time monitoring and predictive quality control for fertilisers, biochar, and adsorbents. 
• Smart Logistics – AI-driven tracking and optimization of raw material inputs and final product delivery. 
• Cybersecurity – Protecting sensitive industrial and operational data from external threats. 
• Advanced Market Services – Enabling faster responsiveness, customized solutions, and AI-supported customer support. 
• Dynamic Data Analysis – AI processing large, complex datasets (technical, financial, business, and operational) for actionable insights.
• Decision Support – Providing reliable, data-driven recommendations and scenario modeling to empower human operators.

✅ Summary:
The TRL 9 stage of 3R technology will not only demonstrate full industrial maturity for global deployment, but also integrate a multi-level AI system to enhance efficiency, quality, sustainability, and market adaptability. This positions 3R as a future-proof, intelligent platform for the global circular bioeconomy.

🌱 Quick Read:
3R technology is not just another pyrolysis system—it is a next-generation, zero-emission, energy-independent, fully certified industrial solution that meet all national regulatory criteria in major markets (EU, USA, AU, JP, aso…) . Its 10 competitive advantages provide superior performance, sustainability, and profitability compared to conventional pyrolysis technologies.

📘 Deep Dive:

1. Technology Innovation: original solution
   • Next-generation novel engineering design meeting 21st-century industrial, environmental, and safety standards.
   • Revolutionary, fully integrated pyrolysis and nutrient recovery system.
2. Environmental Performance
   • True zero-emission operation with carbon-negative applications.
   • Fully aligned with EU Zero Pollution Action Plan and UN Paris Climate Agreement.
3. Energy Independence
   • Fully autothermal (self-sustaining) operation with no external energy input.
   • Generates surplus renewable energy: 3 MWe/h (≈24,000 MWe/year).
4. User driven with high market Compatibility
   • Broad applicability across agriculture, water treatment, green energy, and environmental markets.
   • Scalable and adaptable for global industrial deployment.
5. Legal Compliance
   • Full EU industrial permitting and REACH registration.
   • Compliant with EU, US, and Australian industrial norms and environmental standards, ensuring product safety and sustainability.
6. Circular Economy Leadership
   • Upcycles unexploited biomass (animal bones, seafood waste, plant residues).
   • Produces high-value fertilizers, adsorbents, and renewable energy.
7. Intellectual Property Protection
   • Multi-layered international IPR strategy covering technology, products, and processes.
8. Investment Attractiveness
   • Medium CAPEX, low OPEX.
   • High-yield, scalable investment model with proven industrial performance.
9. Investment Security
   • Robust, multi-level risk management for technical, financial, and regulatory risks.
   • Supported by real-world industrial validation.
10. Business Profitability
    • Converts low-value biomass into premium, user-demand products.
    • Fast ROI and long-term value creation across the value chain.

✅ Summary:
The 3R Zero Emission Pyrolysis Technology delivers a fully integrated, market-ready system that transforms biomass into high-value outputs while outperforming traditional pyrolysis in technology, sustainability, energy efficiency, and profitability.

🌱 Quick Read:
Yes. ABC-BioPhosphate delivers proven results in real-world agricultural conditions across Europe and beyond.

📘 Deep Dive:
Extensive Field Validation:

• Conducted in Italy, Israel, Hungary, Germany, the Netherlands, Slovenia, and Denmark, covering diverse climates and soil types.
• Both greenhouse and open-field trials confirm consistent improvements in soil fertility, root development, crop yield, and overall quality.

Agronomic Performance:

• Demonstrates superior nutrient efficiency and plant growth support compared to conventional fertilisers.
• Enables climate-smart and sustainable farming practices through optimized nutrient use and enhanced soil health.

Global Applicability:

• The technology has been validated in multiple agricultural systems, ensuring reliable performance for diverse crops and growing conditions.

✅ Summary:
ABC-BioPhosphate is a field-proven, high-performance biofertiliser that consistently enhances productivity, soil health, and crop quality across international agricultural settings.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate is not only a high-performance bio-fertiliser; it also serves as a green adsorbent for water purification and industrial processes. It removes harmful contaminants like fluoride, heavy metals, pesticides, and radionuclides while retaining essential minerals. Additionally, it is applied in sugar refining and other industrial uses.

📘 Deep Dive:

Water Treatment – Green Adsorbent:

• Effectively removes fluoride, cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, pesticides, and radionuclides.
• Preserves beneficial minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, making it sustainable for circular applications.

Sustainability & Circular Economy:

• Produced from upcycled animal bones, supporting zero-waste and carbon-negative processes.
• Demonstrates multi-functional, eco-friendly valorisation of biomass by-products.

✅ Summary:
ABC-BioPhosphate is a versatile, sustainable green adsorbent with applications spanning agriculture, water treatment, and industrial purification, all while supporting circular economy principles.

🌱 Quick Read:
BioPhosphate is a universally applicable phosphorus fertiliser, suitable for all crops and farming systems. It supports field crops, horticulture, greenhouse cultivation, and organic or low-input agriculture. Its controlled-release properties and high phosphorus content (>35% P₂O₅) ensure reliable nutrient delivery across different soil types.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Field crops: Cereals, maize, oilseeds, legumes, and forage crops benefit from a steady phosphorus supply.
• Horticulture: Enhances fruit, vegetable, and berry production by improving root development and nutrient uptake.
• Greenhouse cultivation: Provides safe, chemical-free phosphorus, ideal for intensive systems.
• Organic and regenerative farming: Fully compliant with organic standards and compatible with circular nutrient strategies.
• Soil flexibility: Effective in all soil types—from sandy to clay-rich—thanks to its controlled-release phosphorus and high (>35%) P₂O₅ content, ensuring consistent nutrient availability for crops.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate is a climate-smart fertiliser that lowers greenhouse gas emissions, reduces nutrient losses, enhances soil carbon storage, and supports regenerative and low-input farming systems.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Fossil- and chemical-free production: The 3R pyrolysis process is fully energy self-sustaining, eliminating fossil fuel use and cutting CO₂ emissions compared to conventional mineral fertilisers.
• Efficient nutrient use: Controlled-release phosphorus maximises crop uptake, minimising nitrous oxide emissions and environmental pollution.
• Soil carbon retention: Improves soil structure and microbial activity, helping sequester carbon and enhancing long-term soil fertility.
• Support for regenerative agriculture: Integrates seamlessly into low-input and organic systems, reducing the overall carbon footprint of farming operations.
• Alignment with sustainability goals: Contributes to EU Green Deal targets and UN SDGs, supporting both climate mitigation and resilient food production.

✅ Summary: ABC-BioPhosphate reduces environmental impacts across production and application while strengthening soil carbon storage, crop productivity, and farm resilience.

🌱 Quick Read:
Yes. BioPhosphate contains high P₂O₅ (>35%) and provides efficient, controlled-release phosphorus for strong crop nutrition. It is safe for soils and ecosystems and offers a local, sustainable alternative to imported phosphate rock and fossil-based fertilisers—making it a high-performance, strategically smart solution for circular, climate-smart agriculture.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Optimized crop performance: Ensures efficient phosphorus uptake, delivering nutrients precisely when and where plants need them, boosting yields and crop quality.
• High nutrient efficiency: Controlled-release phosphorus maximizes availability while minimizing losses to the environment.
• Environmentally responsible: Reduces nutrient runoff, soil contamination, and dependence on mined phosphate rock, protecting waterways and ecosystems.
• Strategically important: Supports local resource security and aligns with the EU Critical Raw Material objectives (Regulation (EU) 2024/1252).
• Sustainable farming: Integrates seamlessly into regenerative practices, enhancing long-term soil health, carbon retention, and resilience against climate stress.

🌱 Quick Read:
Yes. ABC-BioPhosphate is fully REACH-certified, meeting strict EU safety, environmental, and regulatory standards. It is registered for high-volume production (over 1,000 tonnes/year).

📘 Deep Dive:
REACH Registration:

• Registered under the European Union’s REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) framework.
• Registration number: 01-2119490075-38-0042.

Compliance & Safety:

• Meets rigorous EU standards for chemical safety, environmental protection, and industrial use.
• Ensures that ABC-BioPhosphate is safe for agricultural, industrial, and water-treatment applications.

🌱 Quick Read:
BioPhosphate is easy to apply, adaptable to different farming systems, and ensures efficient, safe nutrient delivery. Typical doses range from 100–600 kg/ha, adjusted based on soil tests and crop requirements. Its granulated form allows dust-free spreading with standard fertiliser equipment, providing steady, controlled-release phosphorus throughout the growing season. 

📘 Deep Dive:

• Soil testing first: Optimal application rates should be based on professional soil analyses and crop nutrient plans.
• Flexible use: Can be applied before sowing, during soil preparation, or as part of integrated fertilisation programs.
• Compatibility: Works well with organic amendments (manure, compost, digestate) and other nutrient sources, supporting balanced fertilisation.
• Long-lasting effect: Controlled-release properties provide a steady phosphorus supply throughout the growing season, reducing the need for multiple applications.
• Safe handling: Granulated form ensures dust-free and easy application with standard equipment.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate is a strategic, circular, and climate-smart biofertiliser that helps meet EU and global sustainability targets. By recycling food-grade animal bones into a safe, high-value fertiliser, it reduces waste, lowers carbon footprint, and supports resilient, productive farming systems. By targeting both environmental and social impacts, ABC BioPhosphate also supports the transition to a circular bioeconomy and aligns with the European Green Deal, Zero Pollution Action Plan, and 2030 Climate Targets.

📘 Deep Dive:

• EU Circular Economy Action Plan: Converts food-grade animal bones into a high-value fertilizer, closing nutrient loops and supporting circular nutrient management.
• EU Critical Raw Materials Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1252): Provides a local, sustainable alternative to imported phosphate rock, reducing dependency on finite and geopolitically sensitive mineral reserves.
• Farm to Fork objectives: Promotes chemical-free fertilisation, reduces nutrient runoff, and supports regenerative and climate-smart agriculture.
• UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Contributes to Zero Hunger (SDG 2), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12), Climate Action (SDG 13), and Life on Land (SDG 15) by improving soil health, crop productivity, and environmental outcomes.
• Low carbon footprint: Produced via zero-emission, energy self-sustaining pyrolysis, lowering GHG emissions compared to conventional fertilisers.
• Supports resilient farming systems: Enhances soil biodiversity, drought tolerance, and long-term soil fertility, aligning with climate adaptation goals.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate is a highly sustainable, climate-friendly biofertiliser. Produced via the 3R zero-emission, energy self-sustaining pyrolysis process, it turns upcycled biomass into a renewable, safe, and regenerative fertiliser while supporting carbon retention, soil health, and circular agriculture.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Renewable & regenerative: Made from upcycled, unexploited biomass, closing the nutrient loop.
• Safe & clean: Cadmium-free and chemical-free, fully safe for soils, crops, and consumers.
• Energy-efficient: Self-sustaining, auto-thermal pyrolysis ensures minimal energy input and low production costs.
• Environmentally responsible: Enhances soil fertility, microbial biodiversity, carbon retention, and aligns with EU Circular Economy and Green Deal goals.
• Social & economic impact: Improves food quality and safety while reducing input costs for farmers, supporting resilient agricultural systems.

✅ Summary: ABC-BioPhosphate is a sustainable, regenerative, and climate-smart fertiliser that delivers environmental, economic, and social benefits for modern agriculture.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate is a globally recognised, future-proof biofertiliser designed according to the highest international sustainability, safety, and quality standards. It reduces reliance on imported phosphate rock, supports circular nutrient management, and aligns with EU and global climate-smart agriculture objectives.

📘 Deep Dive:

Regulatory compliance:

• Fully REACH certified (Reg. No. 01-2119490075-38-0042)
• Compliant with EU Fertilising Products Regulation (FPR 2019/1009) across several PFCs and CMCs
• Meets industrial and environmental standards in the US, UK, Australia, and Japan

Safety and environmental responsibility:

• Cadmium-free, chemical-free, toxin-free, and negligible organic contaminants (PAH19 <1 mg/kg)
• Suitable for organic, low-input, conventional, and greenhouse farming systems
• Produced via zero-emission, energy self-sustaining pyrolysis, minimizing carbon footprint

Global recognition and sustainability alignment:

• Honored with the Swiss Solar Impulse Efficient Solution Award for environmental and economic benefits
• Supports EU Circular Economy Action Plan and Critical Raw Materials strategy
• Contributes to UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and international climate-smart agriculture practices

Circular economy contribution:

• Made from recycled, food-grade animal bones
• Reduces reliance on imported phosphate rock and fossil-based fertilisers
• Promotes safe, sustainable nutrient cycling for modern agriculture

Summary:
ABC-BioPhosphate is not just compliant—it’s a safe, sustainable, and internationally trusted biofertiliser that combines regulatory assurance, environmental responsibility, and circular economy principles, supporting farmers, ecosystems, and global sustainability goals.

🌱 Quick Read:
Yes. ABC-BioPhosphate is a 100% safe, certified, and sustainable biofertiliser, suitable for soils, edible crops, fodder plants, and livestock feed production. It is free from harmful substances, complies with international standards, and supports healthy soils, safe food, and environmentally responsible agriculture.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Free from harmful substances: Cadmium-free, chemical-free, and toxin-free, ensuring safety for soil, crops, and food/feed production.
• Negligible organic contaminants: PAH19 levels <1 mg/kg, well below regulatory limits.
• Compliant with global standards: Meets EU Fertilising Products Regulation (EU Reg. 2019/1009), REACH, and industrial/environmental regulations in US, UK, Australia, and Japan.
• Safe in all farming systems: Suitable for organic, low-input, conventional, and greenhouse cultivation.
• Supports sustainable agriculture: Enhances soil structure, microbial activity, and crop health without introducing harmful residues, contributing to safe, high-quality agricultural outputs.
• Environmentally responsible production: Produced via zero-emission, energy self-sustaining pyrolysis, minimising carbon footprint.

🌱 Quick Read:
Yes. ABC-BioPhosphate and the underlying 3R technology are officially certified, fully REACH-registered, and extensively validated in both industrial and field settings. This is not an experimental concept but a market-ready, regulation-compliant solution already proven across Europe and beyond.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Regulatory approval: Holds full EU REACH registration (highest tonnage band, >1,000 t/year), meeting strict EU chemical safety and environmental standards.
• Industrial certification: Fully meets EU, US, and Australian frameworks, ensuring compliance in major markets.
• Field validation: Demonstrated agronomic benefits in multiple countries (Italy, Israel, Hungary, Germany, Netherlands, Slovenia, Denmark).
• Technology maturity: By 2025, it reached TRL8 at a regional industrial scale, demonstrating full commercial proof. The next step (2026–2027) is TRL9, enabling international-scale replication with 10× production capacity and unlocking economies of scale.
• Market readiness: Supported by R&D, pilot programs, and industrial partnerships — delivering safe, high-quality fertilisers, adsorbents, and renewable energy.

👉 In summary: Both the technology and product are proven, certified, and commercially validated, giving partners confidence in large-scale adoption.

🌱 Quick Read:
The 3R formulation is a biotechnological enhancement of ABC-BioPhosphate and biochar. It transforms upcycled bone phosphate into BIO-NPK-C compound biofertilisers, optimising nutrient availability, boosting soil health, and adapting to diverse farming systems and conditions.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Nutrient Efficiency: Enhances uptake of phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and micronutrients, increasing crop yield and quality.
• Soil Health & Biodiversity: Stimulates beneficial microbes, improves soil structure, and supports long-term carbon retention.
• Sustainability: Designed for organic, low-input, and regenerative farming, delivering climate-smart solutions.
• Adaptability: Tailored to different soils, crops, and climates, ensuring reliable agronomic performance.
• Value Proposition: Generates both financial and non-financial value by offering safe, high-performance fertilisers aligned with circular bioeconomy goals.

🔬 How it works:
Formulation is not a simple mixing process. Instead, it is a biorefinery upcycling approach that integrates solid and liquid microbiological fermentation. ABC-BioPhosphate (macroporous) and plant-based biochar (micro- to mesoporous) are combined with composts or microbial inputs. This “Web of Life” integration enables functional synergy at the biochemical level—improving nutrient use efficiency (NUE), soil–plant interactions, and nutrient bioavailability.

👉 In summary: 3R formulation creates next-generation BIO-NPK-C fertilisers that are more than the sum of their parts — delivering higher efficiency, resilience, and sustainability for modern agriculture.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate is a high-quality, macroporous calcium phosphate biomineral and unique organic phosphorus fertiliser derived from food-grade animal bones. Rich in phosphorus (~30–35% P₂O₅) and calcium (~92% mineral content), with ~8% carbon, it is a nutrient-dense, environmentally friendly fertiliser that enhances soil health, supports crop productivity, and enables circular nutrient management. Produced via 3R zero-emission pyrolysis technology, it is fully regulation-compliant and suitable for sustainable agriculture and water treatment applications.

📘 Deep Dive:

Key Features:

• High phosphorus content: ~30–35% P₂O₅, providing bioavailable phosphorus for efficient crop uptake.
• High calcium content: Supports strong plant growth and improves soil structure and fertility.
• Sustainable feedstock: Made from Category 3, food-grade animal bones sourced from the rendering industry.
• Macroporous structure: Produced at ≥850 °C material core temperature for 20 minutes, removing organics and proteins, ensuring controlled nutrient release and high nutrient use efficiency (>90%).
• Chemical-free production: No synthetic additives used, making it a green alternative to conventional mineral fertilisers.
• Versatile applications: Can be used as an organic fertiliser, soil improver, growing medium additive, blended fertiliser, or water-treatment adsorbent.

Application Guidelines:

• Typical recommended doses: 100–600 kg/ha, depending on soil type, crop needs, and local agronomic practices.
• Optimizes nutrient uptake, enhances soil porosity, and stimulates microbial activity.

Compliance and Commercial Readiness:

• Complies with EU Fertilising Products Regulation (EU 2019/1009, CMC14).
• Commercial product name: PROTECTOR (Protect-Organism).
• Industrial-scale production capacity: 20,800 tonnes/year, ensuring scalability for sustainable agriculture.
• Developed using 3R Zero Emission and Energy-Independent Pyrolysis technology, providing a market-ready, eco-friendly, and high-performance fertiliser solution.

Summary:
ABC-BioPhosphate is a scientifically validated, high-value organic phosphorus fertiliser that converts unexploited biomass into safe, nutrient-rich, and multifunctional products. It supports sustainable farming, circular economy principles, and climate-smart agriculture while offering a proven, scalable, and commercially viable solution.

Nutrient density refers to the amount of plant-available nutrients, such as P₂O₅ and others, contained in a fertilizer at the time plants need them.

• Low nutrient density (2% to less than 25%) means higher application rates per hectare, leading to increased costs and risks for the user.
• High nutrient density (above 25% up to around 35%) allows for lower application rates per hectare, resulting in reduced costs and lower risks for the user.

ABC BioPhosphate offers a high nutrient density with over 35% P₂O₅, making it a highly efficient and economical fertilizer option.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate has the potential to replace a meaningful share of the EU’s phosphate rock imports with a safe, renewable, and locally produced alternative. By 2030, it could substitute more than 4% (≈45,000 t/y P₂O₅) of EU imports, rising to up to 20% by 2035. Unlike mined phosphate rock, it is cadmium- and uranium-free, circular, and climate-friendly.

📘 Deep Dive:

🔎 Context & Raw Material Availability:

• The European rendering industry processed 18 million tonnes of raw material in 2022, of which 72% (13 million tonnes) were Category 3, food-grade animal by-products suitable for fertiliser use.
• In 2022, EU slaughterhouses produced:
  • 22 million tonnes carcass weight from pigs.
  • 6.6 million tonnes carcass weight from bovine animals (cattle, calves, bulls, cows).
• Bone tissue share: 15–17% in bovines, 8–10% in pigs.
• This equates to over 2.9 million tonnes of bone biomass annually in the EU, representing a significant phosphorus resource.

⚗️ Nutrient Content & Uniqueness:

• Bone meal contains up to 10.5% phosphorus (dry matter), a high-value nutrient.
• Only two natural materials provide economically high phosphorus concentrations (~35% P₂O₅):
  1. Mined mineral apatite (phosphate rock) – typically contaminated with cadmium and uranium.
  2. Bone-based apatite (ABC Animal Bone Char – BioPhosphate) – naturally contamination-free and produced in a zero-emission, energy self-sufficient process.

📉 EU Dependency & Risks:

• The EU consumes about 2,011 kt of P₂O₅ annually (2012–2016 average).
• Import dependency is 84%, with only minor domestic supply (mainly from Finland).
• Mined phosphates are non-renewable, fossil-energy intensive, and environmentally damaging.

🌍 Substitution Potential of ABC-BioPhosphate:

• Short-term (by 2030): ≥4% substitution (≈45,000 t/y P₂O₅).
• Medium-term (by 2035): up to 20% substitution, strengthening EU food security and sustainability.

✅ Conclusion:
ABC-BioPhosphate offers the EU a strategic opportunity to replace imported, contaminated phosphate rock with a clean, renewable, and locally sourced phosphorus solution, fully aligned with circular economy and climate goals.

Pure, safe, renewable phosphorus. Unlike chemical fertilizers that may contain heavy metals such as cadmium or uranium, ABC-BioPhosphate is 100% bio-based, contaminant-free, and produced through a zero-emission process. It offers farmers a reliable and sustainable alternative that protects soils and future harvests.

A rich, balanced nutrient profile. ABC-BioPhosphate delivers over 35% plant-available P₂O₅ and 37% calcium, ensuring strong root development and healthy plant growth. It also provides valuable secondary nutrients and trace elements such as potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg).

The formulated ABC-BioPhosphate products are developed as BIO-NPK-C compound biofertilizers, tailored to specific user and market demands, and optimized for both organic and low-input farming systems.

🌱 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate is a strategic, sustainable phosphorus source that strengthens global food security and supports climate-smart farming. Made from upcycled food-grade animal bones, it reduces dependence on imported phosphate rock, supports circular nutrient cycles, and is cadmium- and toxin-free, ensuring reliable and environmentally responsible phosphorus for modern agriculture.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Critical nutrient: Phosphorus is essential for plant growth, soil fertility, and food production. Conventional sources are finite, low-toxicity phosphate rock, heavily imported, and prone to market volatility.
• Long-term nutrient security: Provides a reliable, local supply for farmers without depleting natural reserves.
• Environmental benefits: Reduces reliance on mining, lowers CO₂ emissions, and minimises nutrient runoff.
• Supports EU and global strategies: Contributes to the EU Critical Raw Materials strategy and broader sustainable agricultural development goals.

🌱 Quick Read:
BioPhosphate is not just a fertiliser—it is a strategic, sustainable, and EU-aligned solution for resilient agriculture. By reducing dependency on imported phosphate rock, securing long-term food production, and aligning with the EU Critical Raw Materials Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1252), it supports circular, climate-smart farming and lowers environmental impact.

📘 Deep Dive:

• Secures long-term food production: Provides a reliable phosphorus source, enabling farmers to maintain high yields without depleting natural reserves.
• EU Critical Raw Material: Phosphorus is officially recognized by the EU as a Critical Raw Material under the Critical Raw Materials Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1252), highlighting its strategic importance. BioPhosphate offers a regionally sourced alternative, reducing import dependency and contributing to EU resource security.
• Reduces environmental impact: Controlled-release phosphorus lowers nutrient runoff, protecting waterways and ecosystems.
• Strengthens local resilience: Produced locally from recycled food-grade materials, supporting circular and climate-smart agriculture.
• Promotes sustainable farming: Improves soil health, supports regenerative practices, and contributes to long-term soil carbon retention.

💧 Quick Read:
Coal- and coconut shell–based activated carbons are mostly micro- and mesoporous, limiting their efficient adsorption of larger molecules. ABC-BioPhosphate green adsorbents are fully macroporous, providing superior removal of macromolecular organics and potentially toxic elements (PTEs).

📘 Deep Dive:
Conventional activated carbons typically have pore sizes between 2 μm and <50 μm, which makes them effective mainly for small molecules. For larger or more complex contaminants, such as macromolecular organics or PTEs, their adsorption efficiency is significantly lower.

ABC-BioPhosphate green adsorbents differ because they feature:

• A fully macroporous structure with particle sizes from 50 μm to <63,000 μm, most in the optimal 100–500 μm range.
• Enhanced adsorption capacity for both large molecules and complex contaminants.
• Versatility for industrial, municipal, and defense water treatment applications, providing a more effective, sustainable, and reusable solution compared to traditional activated carbon.

💧 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate green adsorbents can safely and effectively remove radionuclides like uranium and radium from contaminated water. Its fully macroporous, chemical-free structure ensures efficient capture of radioactive contaminants.

📘 Deep Dive:
ABC-BioPhosphate’s unique macroporous structure and high surface area make it highly efficient in adsorbing radioactive isotopes, including uranium, radium, and other radionuclides. Key advantages for radioactive water treatment include:

• Nuclear and Radiological Applications: Suitable for nuclear-contaminated water, nuclear waste management, and emergency radiological response.
• Chemical-Free Adsorption: Captures contaminants without introducing hazardous chemicals, reducing secondary waste.
• Versatile Performance: Fully macroporous design enables adsorption of both large and small radionuclides, outperforming conventional activated carbon in nuclear applications.
• Sustainability: Can be regenerated multiple times and even repurposed as a biofertilizer after its adsorbent life, supporting circular economy principles.

ABC-BioPhosphate provides a safe, sustainable, and high-performance solution for radioactive water remediation.

💧 Quick Read:
BioPhosphate green adsorbents can be chemically-free regenerated multiple times, safely removing contaminants while restoring their adsorption capacity and enabling sustainable reuse, sometimes even as a biofertiliser.

📘 Deep Dive:
BioPhosphate, like other green adsorbents, is designed for multiple regeneration cycles (4–5 times) without loss of performance. During regeneration:

• Contaminant Removal: Accumulated pollutants are safely desorbed, restoring full adsorption efficiency.
• Chemical-Free Process: Unlike conventional methods, no hazardous reagents are needed, avoiding secondary waste and material degradation.
• Environmental & Economic Benefits: Reduces waste generation, lowers operational costs, and extends adsorbent lifespan.
• Sustainable Circular Value: After reaching the end of its adsorbent life, BioPhosphate can be repurposed as a biofertiliser, upcycling nutrients and enhancing its circular economy impact.

This regeneration capability makes BioPhosphate a versatile, sustainable, and cost-effective solution for water and industrial wastewater treatment.

How can BioPhosphate green adsorbents be applied in water purification?

💧 Quick Read:
BioPhosphate green adsorbents effectively remove toxic metals, organics, and radiological contaminants from water. Fully macroporous and regenerable, they provide a versatile, sustainable, and cost-efficient solution for municipal, industrial, and nuclear water treatment.

📘 Deep Dive:
BioPhosphate green adsorbents are highly suitable for comprehensive water purification. Their fully macroporous structure allows pollutants—including potential toxic elements (PTEs), organic compounds, fluoride, arsenic, and radiological contaminants—to bind efficiently to the surface, resulting in cleaner and safer water.

Key application areas include:

• Municipal Water Treatment: Ensures safe drinking water while preserving beneficial minerals.
• Industrial Effluent Management: Treats chemical, pharmaceutical, food, and beverage wastewater effectively.
• Aquaculture: Maintains healthy water conditions in fish farming systems.
• Nuclear-Contaminated Water Remediation: Captures radionuclides such as uranium and radium, providing a chemical-free, sustainable alternative to conventional methods.

Regeneration and reuse: BioPhosphate can be regenerated multiple times without losing adsorption efficiency, reducing operational costs and minimizing waste. Its combination of high efficiency, chemical-free production, and versatility makes it a sustainable solution across critical water treatment applications.

💧 Quick Read:
Choosing the right adsorbent depends on the type of contaminant, its size, concentration, and the application environment. BioPhosphate excels at removing large organic molecules and potentially toxic elements (PTEs), while activated carbon is best for smaller organics. Consider regeneration, reusability, and sustainability when selecting a material.

📘 Deep Dive:
Selecting an adsorbent requires evaluating multiple factors:

• Contaminant type and size: Fully macroporous materials like BioPhosphate efficiently capture macromolecular organics and radionuclides.
• Porosity and surface area: Larger pores increase adsorption capacity for bulky molecules.
• Regeneration potential: Determines long-term cost-effectiveness and material lifespan.
• Application environment: Industrial, municipal, defence, or nuclear-contaminated water systems require tailored adsorbents.
• Sustainability: Green, chemical-free adsorbents minimise environmental impact and support circular economy principles.

Testing materials in the specific application ensures optimal performance, safety, and efficiency.

💧 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate green adsorbent outperforms traditional activated carbon with higher contaminant removal, chemical-free production, and regenerable, sustainable use across multiple applications.

📘 Deep Dive:
ABC-BioPhosphate offers several advantages over conventional activated carbon:

• Higher Contaminant Removal Efficiency: Fully macroporous structure enables superior adsorption of heavy metals, organic compounds, potentially toxic elements (PTEs), and radionuclides.
• Chemical-Free Production: Produced through a zero-emission, energy-independent thermal process without chemicals.
• Regeneration Capability: Can be regenerated 4–5 times without loss of performance, reducing waste and long-term costs.
• Environmental Impact: Made from renewable, bio-based materials like food-grade animal bone meal, supporting the circular economy.
• Versatility: Effective in industrial and municipal water treatment, defence, nuclear remediation, aquaculture, and environmental cleanup.

In essence, ABC-BioPhosphate green adsorbent combines high efficiency, sustainability, and multi-functional use, making it a superior alternative to conventional activated carbon.

💧 Quick Read:
BioPhosphate green adsorbents efficiently treat industrial wastewater, removing heavy metals, organics, and colorants, while improving water quality for reuse or safe discharge.

📘 Deep Dive:
BioPhosphate green adsorbents are highly suitable for wastewater from chemical, pharmaceutical, food and beverage, and textile industries. Key benefits include:

• Comprehensive Contaminant Removal: Eliminates potential toxic elements (PTEs), organic pollutants, colorants, and other hazardous compounds.
• Water Quality Enhancement: Reduces COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), ensuring treated water is safer for discharge or reuse.
• Versatility & Reliability: Adaptable to various industrial effluents, making it a sustainable and chemical-free solution for complex wastewater treatment challenges.

💧 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate green adsorbents are highly sustainable, produced via the zero-emission, chemical-free 3R (Recycle, Recover, Reuse) process using renewable animal bone meal. They can be regenerated 4–5 times, supporting a circular economy and reducing waste.

📘 Deep Dive:
The 3R process converts food-grade animal bone meal—a renewable, underutilized by-product—into high-performance BioPhosphate green adsorbents at >850°C without chemicals. Key sustainability features include:

• Zero-Emission, Energy-Independent Production: Minimizes environmental footprint compared to conventional activated carbon.
• Circular Economy Contribution: Upcycles over 22 million tons of animal by-products annually in the EU into high-value adsorbents.
• Chemical-Free Regeneration: Allows multiple reuse cycles (4–5) without performance loss, reducing material consumption and operational costs.
• High-Performance Adsorbent: Fully macroporous structure effectively removes heavy metals, organic pollutants, radionuclides, and other contaminants from water and industrial effluents.

This makes ABC-BioPhosphate not only efficient but also an eco-friendly and sustainable choice for water treatment and industrial applications.

💧 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate green adsorbents are highly versatile, suitable for water treatment, industrial effluents, food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, aquaculture, environmental remediation, defence, and nuclear applications.

📘 Deep Dive:
ABC-BioPhosphate’s fully macroporous structure, high mineral content, and chemical-free design make it effective across diverse applications:

• Water Treatment: Municipal and industrial systems, removing heavy metals, organics, and radionuclides.
• Food & Beverage: Sugar refining, dairy, and removal of unwanted compounds to enhance product quality.
• Aquaculture: Purifies water in fish farms, supporting healthy ecosystems.
• Pharmaceuticals: Used in drug manufacturing and purification, with high adsorption efficiency.
• Wastewater Management: Treats municipal and industrial effluents, including chemical and organic contaminants.
• Environmental Remediation: Removes pollutants from soil and water bodies, including industrial spills and contaminated groundwater.
• Defence Applications: Supports chemical, biological, and radiological hazard mitigation for military and emergency operations.
• Nuclear & Radiological Applications: Adsorbs radionuclides like uranium and radium, aiding nuclear waste management and decontamination.

ABC-BioPhosphate’s regenerability and sustainable production via the 3R process ensure it is a multi-functional, eco-friendly, and long-term solution for critical industrial, environmental, and defence needs.

💧 Quick Read:
BioPhosphate green adsorbents are highly versatile and can be applied across industrial, environmental, and defence sectors. They effectively remove toxic metals, organics, and radionuclides, and are regenerable, making them a sustainable, cost-efficient solution for water and air purification, industrial effluents, and critical contamination management.

📘 Deep Dive:
BioPhosphate green adsorbents can be applied across a wide range of industries, providing a safe, chemical-free method for pollutant removal:

Primary industries include:

• Water and air purification
• Pharmaceuticals
• Food processing
• Agriculture
• Chemical sector

Key effectiveness areas:

• Industrial wastewater treatment
• Environmental remediation
• Removal of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and organic contaminants
• Nuclear contamination management, including adsorption of radionuclides (e.g., uranium, radium)

Additional applications:

• Oil and gas processing
• Cosmetics and personal care
• Military and defence, including chemical, biological, and radiological hazard mitigation

Sustainability and efficiency:
BioPhosphate ensures maximum adsorption efficiency, can be regenerated multiple times, and supports long-term cost-effectiveness and sustainable reuse, including potential repurposing as a biofertiliser.

💧 Quick Read
Green adsorbents are eco-friendly materials that capture contaminants from water, air, or industrial streams without creating extra environmental harm. Made from natural, renewable, or upcycled resources, they are produced using sustainable, chemical-free technologies. A key example is BioPhosphate green adsorbent, which is regenerable, efficient, and even reusable as a biofertilizer—supporting the circular economy.

📘 Deep Dive

Conventional adsorbents (e.g., coal- or coconut-based activated carbon):

• Produced through chemically intensive processes.
• Micro- and mesoporous structure limits performance with large molecules.
• Regeneration requires hazardous chemicals, creating secondary waste.
• Can remove beneficial minerals alongside contaminants.
• Carbon footprint ranges from neutral to positive depending on raw materials.

Green adsorbents (e.g., BioPhosphate):

• Manufactured with zero-emission, chemical-free technologies (e.g., 3R process).
• Fully macroporous structure, capturing both small and large contaminants.
• Enable chemical-free regeneration and multiple reuse cycles.
• Support the circular economy by upcycling renewable biomass.
• Preserve beneficial minerals in water while removing pollutants.
• Lower carbon footprint and often more cost-effective over time.

💧 Quick Read:
BioPhosphate green adsorbents combine high macro-porosity, mineral richness, and chemical-free production, making them highly efficient, reusable, and eco-friendly for water treatment, nuclear-contaminated water, and defense applications.

📘 Deep Dive:
BioPhosphate green adsorbents offer several advantages over conventional adsorbent materials:

• Exceptional Macro-Porosity: Efficiently removes large molecules, including complex organics and potentially toxic elements (PTEs).
• High Mineral Content: Rich in P₂O₅ and Ca, which enhances adsorption performance and can contribute to soil quality if reused as a biofertilizer.
• Regeneration and Reuse: Can be regenerated multiple times without losing efficiency, reducing operational costs and environmental impact.
• Eco-Friendly Production: Made via the 3R (Recycle-Recover-Reuse) process at >850°C, entirely chemical-free.
• Versatile Applications: Suitable for industrial and municipal water treatment, nuclear-contaminated water management, aquaculture, and defense scenarios.
• Market Competitiveness: Combines high performance, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness, offering both financial and non-financial value to end-users.

By leveraging these features, BioPhosphate serves as a sustainable, high-performance alternative to conventional adsorbents in multiple critical sectors.

💧 Quick Read:
Economic Benefits: BioPhosphate green adsorbents reduce operational costs, energy use, and material replacement frequency. Their chemical-free, sustainable production also lowers compliance and disposal costs, offering long-term financial savings.

📘 Deep Dive:
Using BioPhosphate green adsorbents provides multiple economic advantages:

• High Efficiency: Fast and effective contaminant removal reduces energy consumption and operational time.
• Regeneration & Reuse: Multiple reuse cycles reduce the need for frequent material replacement, lowering procurement costs.
• Chemical-Free & Sustainable: Eliminates chemical handling and disposal expenses while easing regulatory compliance.
• Overall Cost-Effectiveness: Compared to traditional adsorbents, BioPhosphate delivers durable, high-performance results with long-term financial savings and operational efficiency.

💧 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate green adsorbents provide high-performance, sustainable, and cost-effective contaminant removal across water treatment, industrial, agricultural, defence, and nuclear applications. Fully macroporous and regenerable, they ensure superior efficiency and versatility compared to traditional adsorbents.

📘 Deep Dive:
ABC-BioPhosphate delivers significant value to users by combining efficiency, sustainability, and economic benefits:

• High Efficiency: Rapid adsorption of both large macromolecules and small ions, outperforming conventional activated carbon in industrial, environmental, and nuclear applications.
• Chemical-Free & Sustainable: Produced via a zero-emission, energy-independent 3R process from renewable, food-grade animal bone meal, minimising environmental impact.
• Regeneration & Reuse: Can be regenerated 4–5 times without loss of performance, reducing operational costs and waste.
• Wide Applicability: Effective in municipal and industrial water treatment, nuclear and radiological contamination management, defence and emergency operations, aquaculture, environmental remediation, and industrial effluents.
• Operational & Economic Advantages: Reduces chemical usage, maintenance, and disposal costs, providing greater efficiency and competitiveness for users.

In summary: ABC-BioPhosphate offers a reliable, multi-functional, environmentally responsible solution, combining high performance, sustainability, versatility, and cost-effectiveness across diverse industries.

💧 Quick Read
The 3R (Recycle–Recover–Reuse) process is a zero-emission, energy-independent thermal technology at 850 °C that uses no chemicals. It upcycles food-grade animal bone meal and other biomass into BioPhosphate green adsorbents, delivering sustainable, high-value solutions for water treatment, soil health, and industrial use.

📘 Deep Dive
The 3R process is an innovative high-temperature pyrolysis technology designed for true circular economy applications. Operating at a core temperature of 850 °C without chemical additives, it transforms agricultural residues, food industry by-products, and other unexploited biomass into high-performance materials such as BioPhosphate green adsorbents.

Key benefits include:

• Zero emissions & energy independence, minimising climate impact.
• Upcycling renewable resources, reducing reliance on fossil-based materials.
• Production of macroporous, mineral-rich BioPhosphate, ideal for capturing contaminants like PTEs, radionuclides, and organics.
• Circular value creation, as BioPhosphate can later be repurposed as a biofertiliser, closing nutrient loops.

This process not only provides market-competitive green adsorbents but also ensures long-term sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental protection across multiple industries.

💧 Quick Read:
Activated carbon is a traditional carbon-based adsorbent, while BioPhosphate green adsorbents offer a fully macroporous, sustainable alternative with superior efficiency for removing a wide range of contaminants.

📘 Deep Dive:
Activated carbon is a porous, carbon-based material used to capture and remove contaminants from gases or liquids. Most conventional activated carbons, derived from coal or coconut shells, have primarily micro- and mesoporous structures, which limits their effectiveness for larger molecules.

How BioPhosphate differs:

• Fully macroporous structure, ideal for both small and large contaminants.
• Produced as a green adsorbent from renewable, food-grade animal bone via the 3R process.
• Can be regenerated by removing accumulated pollutants, maintaining adsorption capacity and extending usability.
• Provides financial, environmental, and market advantages over traditional activated carbon, making it suitable for industrial, municipal, and defence applications.

💧 Quick Read:
An adsorbent is a porous material that captures and holds contaminants from liquids, gases, or dissolved solids. BioPhosphate is a high-performance green adsorbent with a large surface area and macroporous structure, making it highly effective for removing a wide range of pollutants.

📘 Deep Dive:
Adsorbents work by attracting and holding atoms, ions, or molecules onto their internal and external surfaces. The efficiency of an adsorbent depends on pore structure, surface chemistry, and regeneration potential. Materials like BioPhosphate are widely applied in water and air purification, environmental remediation, food and pharmaceutical processing, and chemical industries, effectively capturing both large macromolecules and smaller contaminants. Its green, renewable composition and regenerability further enhance sustainability and cost-effectiveness in various applications.

💧 Quick Read:
Adsorption is the process where molecules, including contaminants in water or air, adhere to the surface of a solid adsorbent. It’s a chemical-free method to remove impurities efficiently.

📘 Deep Dive:
In adsorption, molecules are transferred from a fluid bulk (gas or liquid) to the adsorbent’s surface, forming a thin layer without penetrating the bulk of the material. The process is surface-based, making it distinct from absorption, which involves molecules entering the material itself. The efficiency of adsorption depends on the surface area, porosity, and chemical properties of the adsorbent. Materials like BioPhosphate, with high macroporosity and optimized surface chemistry, can capture a broad spectrum of contaminants—including heavy metals, organic compounds, and radionuclides—making it a highly effective and sustainable solution for water and air purification.

💧 Quick Read:
ABC (Animal Bone Char) or BioPhosphate is a calcium phosphate mineral made from food-grade animal bones and used as a BioPhosphate green adsorbent. Its macro porous structure makes it highly effective for removing potentially toxic elements, fluoride, arsenic, and organic contaminants, and it can also serve as a biofertiliser ingredient.

📘 Deep Dive:
ABC Animal one Char typically contains about 92% bio-mineral and 8% carbon. It is produced under 3R specific high-temperature thermal processing without chemicals, creating a safe, sustainable, and chemical-free product for wide range of unique applications. Thanks to its unique composition and macroporous structure, it is widely applied as a green adsorbent for water and air purification and 

💧 Quick Read:
BioPhosphate or ABC Animal Bone Char is a next-generation green adsorbent made from food-grade animal bone meal through the 3R zero-emission and energy independent technology. With its highly macroporous structure and rich mineral composition, it efficiently removes contaminants from water, can be regenerated up to 4–5 times, and even repurposed as a biofertiliser—supporting a truly circular economy.

📘 Deep Dive:
BioPhosphate is an advanced form of ABC (Animal Bone Char), produced at >850°C without chemicals in a zero-emission, energy-independent process. This sustainable method ensures a safe and circular use of resources while upcycling bone meal into high-value products.

Its unique composition includes over 35% P₂O₅ and more than 37% CaO, alongside 8–10% carbon content, resulting in a material that is both an effective adsorbent and a potential nutrient source. The surface area ranges from 90–120 m²/g, while its particle size distribution (50 μm to <63,000 μm, optimally 100–500 μm) ensures it is fully macroporous. This structure gives BioPhosphate superior efficiency in removing a broad spectrum of contaminants, including Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) like cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic; fluoride and chlorine; organic colorants; and radionuclides such as uranium and radium.

Designed for water and liquid treatment applications, BioPhosphate provides industrial-grade performance while being a green, chemical-free solution. Its ability to be regenerated and reused multiple times adds cost-effectiveness and efficiency. Once its adsorption cycle ends, it can be repurposed as a biofertiliser, closing the loop and contributing to a circular economy.

💧 Quick Read:
The 3R (Recycle, Recover, Reuse) process is a zero-emission, chemical-free, high-temperature technology that turns animal bones into high-performance, sustainable BioPhosphate green adsorbents with excellent macroporosity, mineral content, and regeneration potential.

📘 Deep Dive:
The 3R process operates at temperatures above 850 °C, pyrolysing food-grade animal bones without any chemicals. This produces BioPhosphate adsorbents with:

• Outstanding Macro-Porosity & High Surface Area: Enables superior adsorption efficiency for large molecules, heavy metals, and radionuclides.
• Rich Mineral Content: Over 35% P₂O₅ and 37% CaO enhance adsorption performance and provide potential biofertiliser value after use.
• Superior Reusability: Can be regenerated multiple times without significant loss of performance, extending material lifespan and lowering operational costs.
• Chemical-Free Regeneration: Safer and more environmentally friendly than traditional chemical treatments.
• Circular Economy Benefits: Upcycles animal by-products and unexploited biomass into high-value adsorbents, supporting sustainable production.
• Enhanced Applications: Fully macroporous, stable structure makes it ideal for industrial water treatment, municipal purification, nuclear-contaminated water management, and defence-related pollutant removal.

By integrating the 3R process, BioPhosphate green adsorbents provide high performance, sustainability, and versatility, making them a next-generation solution for water purification and industrial applications.

What is the business potential of ABC-BioPhosphate green adsorbents for investors?

💧 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate green adsorbents are a high-value, sustainable investment with strong market potential across water treatment, agriculture, and defence sectors. Their unique properties, multi-sector applications, and regenerability make them an attractive, scalable business opportunity.

📘 Deep Dive:
Investing in ABC-BioPhosphate green adsorbents offers multiple advantages:

• Growing Market Demand: Rising global need for chemical-free, sustainable adsorbents that remove heavy metals, organic pollutants, radionuclides, and other contaminants.
• Multi-Sector Applications: Effective in water and wastewater treatment, industrial effluent management, environmental remediation, agriculture, and defence.
• Sustainability & Circular Economy: Produced via the 3R process, using renewable animal bone meal, and regenerable multiple times.
• Competitive Differentiation: Fully macroporous structure, high mineral content, and chemical-free production deliver superior performance versus conventional activated carbon.
• Cost Efficiency & Reusability: Regenerable 4–5 times without performance loss, reducing long-term operational costs and waste.
• Innovation & IP Potential: Proprietary technology enables licensing opportunities.
• Global Expansion: Strong scalability across emerging and developed markets.

In summary: ABC-BioPhosphate represents a strategically attractive, sustainable investment with high financial, environmental, and market-growth potential, making it ideal for forward-looking investors seeking long-term returns.

💧 Quick Read:
Adsorption is a surface-based process where molecules stick to the outside of a material, while absorption involves molecules penetrating into the bulk of the material. Adsorption is faster for water and air purification, chemical processing, and defence applications.

📘 Deep Dive:

Adsorption:

• Molecules form a layer on the surface without entering the material.
• Efficiency depends on surface area, porosity, and chemical properties, making BioPhosphate highly effective.
• Widely used in water and air purification, chemical processing, nuclear waste remediation, and defence.

Absorption:

• Molecules penetrate and distribute throughout the interior of the material.
• Slower for contaminant removal due to diffusion into the bulk.
• Commonly applied in bulk solvent uptake or storage.

What is the environmental impact of using ABC-BioPhosphate green adsorbents?

💧 Quick Read:
ABC-BioPhosphate green adsorbents are eco-friendly and sustainable, offering zero-emission production, renewable materials, circular economy benefits, low carbon footprint, waste minimisation, and water/soil safety.

📘 Deep Dive:
The environmental impact of ABC-BioPhosphate is highly positive across multiple dimensions:

• Zero-Emission Production: Manufactured via a high-temperature 3R process (>850 °C) without chemicals, producing no harmful emissions or toxic by-products.
• Renewable Materials: Made from food-grade animal bone meal, a renewable and upcycled resource, reducing reliance on finite, often contaminated phosphate rock.
• Circular Economy Contribution: Transforms agricultural and food industry by-products into high-value green adsorbents and biofertilisers, closing nutrient loops and valorising waste.
• Reduced Carbon Footprint: Energy-independent process combined with regenerable use (4–5 cycles) significantly lowers CO₂ emissions compared to conventional activated carbons.
• Waste Minimization: Regenerable and reusable, reducing landfill disposal and material turnover.
• Support for Water & Soil Safety: Removes heavy metals, radionuclides, organics, and chemical pollutants without adding chemicals, ensuring cleaner water and safer soils.
• Long-Term Resource Security: Reduces pressure on critical raw materials, promoting environmental and economic resilience.
• Biodiversity & Ecosystem Protection: Cleaner water and reduced soil contamination preserve aquatic life and terrestrial biodiversity.
• Scalable & Global Impact: Enables widespread adoption aligned with sustainability goals, including pollution control, circular agriculture, and climate mitigation.

ABC-BioPhosphate’s green, fully macroporous design ensures efficient, chemical-free contaminant removal while supporting global environmental sustainability.

💧 Quick Read:
Upcycling transforms animal bone by-products into high-performance BioPhosphate green adsorbents and biofertilisers, turning unexploited biomass into valuable, sustainable materials that support clean water, industrial, and agricultural applications.

📘 Deep Dive:

Upcycling is the high-added-value transformation of unexploited biomass into new products with improved quality, functionality, safety and environmental benefits. Unlike traditional recycling, upcycled products add utility and higher market value. Upcycling goes far beyond traditional recycling, offering environmental, economic, and functional advantages across multiple sectors and value chain.

How it relates to BioPhosphate green adsorbents:

• Converts unexploited biomass animal bone meal by-products into efficient, renewable adsorbents and surplus bioenergy
• Supports the circular economy, minimising waste and resource consumption.
• Enhances material performance and market value, benefiting both producers and end-users.
• Provides sustainable solutions for water and air purification, industrial processes, and agriculture.

💧 Quick Read (In short):
Water filtration is the process of removing impurities and contaminants from water to make it safe, clean, and suitable for consumption or industrial use.

📘 Deep Dive:
Water filtration targets a wide range of pollutants, including suspended solids, microorganisms, organic compounds, potentially toxic elements (PTEs), and chemical residues. Different filtration methods—such as adsorption, membrane filtration, and chemical treatment—can be used depending on the type of contaminant and the intended water quality. Effective filtration not only ensures safe drinking water but also improves taste, odor, and overall quality. Advanced adsorbents, such as green ABC-BioPhosphate, provide chemical-free and sustainable solutions for industrial, municipal, and household water purification.

What makes BioPhosphate suitable for defence applications?

💧 Quick Read:
BioPhosphate green adsorbents provide safe, reliable water purification for defence and military use, efficiently removing toxic metals, organic pollutants, and radionuclides.

📘 Deep Dive:
BioPhosphate green adsorbents are ideal for chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) hazard mitigation. Key features include:

• Fully Macroporous Structure: Ensures high adsorption capacity for large and complex contaminants.
• Effective Contaminant Removal: Eliminates toxic metals, organic compounds, and radionuclides from water supplies.
• Field-Ready and Reliable: Suitable for military operations, emergency response, and other defence scenarios where safe drinking water is critical.
• Chemical-Free Solution: Provides sustainable purification without adding hazardous chemicals, aligning with eco-friendly and operational safety standards.

💧 Quick Read
Green adsorbents, such as BioPhosphate, are more sustainable, efficient, and safer than conventional activated carbons. They are made from renewable resources, work better for a wider range of pollutants, and can be reused multiple times without chemicals.

📘 Deep Dive

Conventional adsorbents (primarily coal base- or in minor production coconut-based activated carbon):

• Produced through chemically and energy intensive processes.
• Micro- and mesoporous structure limits performance with large molecules.
• Regeneration requires hazardous chemicals, creating secondary waste.
• Can remove beneficial minerals alongside contaminants.
• Carbon footprint ranges from neutral to positive depending on raw materials.

Green adsorbents (e.g., BioPhosphate):

• Manufactured with zero-emission, chemical-free technologies (3R process).
• Fully macroporous structure, capturing both small and large molecular contaminants.
• Enable chemical-free regeneration and multiple reuse cycles.
• Support the circular economy by upcycling renewable biomass.
• Preserve beneficial minerals in water while removing pollutants.
• Lower carbon footprint and more cost-effective over time.

Slaughterhouses produce two main outputs: (1) farmed animal products for human consumption, and (2) crude animal by-products (ABPs) that are not suitable for direct human use. These ABPs must be further processed in specialized industries such as fat processing and rendering facilities, where they are transformed into safe, derived products in compliance with strict hygienic and legal standards. Slaughterhouses themselves do not process animal by-products into usable materials but instead supply these crude ABPs to the rendering industry, where processing is typically conducted under standardized conditions (e.g., 133°C under pressure).

Crude animal by-products must never be used directly in agriculture due to significant environmental and health risks. Despite the fact that rendered products—such as bone meal and meat-and-bone meal (MBM)—are sterile at the point of production, they are susceptible to cross-contamination and recontamination with human and animal pathogens during storage, handling, and application. Therefore, the use of crude or even improperly handled animal rendering products presents a high biosecurity risk.

Additionally, not all animal by-products are suitable for the production of high-quality recovered phosphorus fertilizers. Only specific feedstocks—such as food-grade animal bone grist from Category 3 materials—meet the stringent criteria required for the production of safe, nutrient-dense, and environmentally compliant bio-based phosphorus fertilisers like ABC BioPhosphate.

• What is Bone Meal/Bone Grist?
• What is MBM – Meat and Bone Meal?
• What is PAP - Processed Animal Protein?

A thermal oxidation material obtained through the thermochemical conversion of bone under oxygen-rich (incineration) conditions. It is a fine ash burned at high temperatures (>1000°C) with a high pH level and water insoluble, used in bone china porcelain and metallurgical applications.

Low-protein (<40%) content animal rendering by-product consisting only of animal bones, which is steam-sterilized at >133°C for 20 minutes under 3 bars pressure. Since 1870, several product streams have been made from the bone industry: food-grade gelatine extracted from Category 3 pig bones and PET food from Category 3 poultry and pig bones. Ruminant bovine bones are excluded from these applications and instead undergo high-temperature burning (>1000°C) to produce China bone porcelain, or pyrolysis carbonization (at 850°C) to create ABC animal bone char biofertilizer and adsorbent products.

High (above >70%) meat protein organic content animal rendering by-product in which the high amount soft tissues and low amount bones are mixed and processed together that is steam thermal sterilised at >133°C 20 minutes/3 bars pressure condition. Total EU animal by-products for rendering is >22M t/y from which significant part (25%) is bone. When bone meal is leaving the sterile factory and used in open environment, the protein content of the materials is rapidly re- and trans contaminated with human/animal pathogens (Salmonella, mouth and foot diseases, human and animal influenza incl. COVID, anthrax, aso.), for which the producers have full responsibility. 

The Meat and Bone Meal (MBM) rendering process produces energy or the products are taken in energy-production installations authorised to take these categories of Animal By Products for energy conversion. Meat and Bone Meal Ash is produced by high temperature incineration/calcination treatment of MBM in a heat process conform to the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU Incineration Directive) Article 6 = conditions of incineration at minimum 850°C for at least 2 seconds, TOC (total organic carbon) in ash powder <3%. These conditions ensure complete elimination of all pathogens. MBM is used for energy.

PAP – Processed Animal Protein is derived exclusively from non-ruminant animals (such as pigs, poultry, horses, and fish) and Category 3 food-grade animal by-products. These are processed under the same conditions as Meat and Bone Meal (MBM), typically at 133°C, 20 minutes, and 3 bar pressure.

PAPs are high-protein materials used primarily in pet food and aquaculture feed. A wide variety of PAP products exist, including:

• Blood meal (90–95% protein),
• Hydrolyzed feather meal (80–85% protein),
• Poultry meal (65–68% protein),
• Pork meal (55–65% protein),
• Fish meal, also rich in high-quality proteins.

Processed Animal Proteins are valued for their high digestibility and protein density, but strict regulations apply to their use to ensure biosecurity and food chain safety.

Despite being sterile at the point of production—typically processed under 133°C for 20 minutes at 3 bars of pressure—animal rendering by-products such as bone meal and meat and bone meal (MBM) remain at high risk of cross-contamination and recontamination during storage, handling, transport, and field application.

This is because, once these products leave the controlled conditions of the rendering facility, they are exposed to external environments where human, animal, or environmental pathogens can reintroduce contamination. Such risks are particularly critical when products are intended for agricultural use, as they may come into contact with soil, crops, livestock, or water systems. Therefore, strict biosecurity measures and traceability systems are essential to minimize sanitary hazards and ensure safe, sustainable use of these materials in the circular bioeconomy.

Yes, within the European Union, the commercialization and agricultural use of biochar and pyrolysis materials—both plant-based biochar and animal bone char—are subject to strict regulatory requirements. These requirements apply irrespective of production scale and include three key elements:

1. Mandatory Permit from Member State (MS) Authorities:
   Commercial use of biochar/pyrolysis materials requires a permit issued by the relevant MS authority. This permit is initially valid only in the issuing Member State, but Mutual Recognition under Regulation (EC) No 764/2008 allows the permit to be recognized across all EU28 countries.
   The EU Fertilising Products Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 already includes biochar/pyrolysis materials under Component Material Category 14 (CMC14), establishing harmonized standards for these products. This regulation is directly applicable across all EU Member States without the need for national transposition. Member States may enforce stricter standards, which take precedence over the EU baseline. A transitional period was provided to allow industry and authorities to adapt to the new framework.
2. REACH Certification (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals):
   REACH certification is mandatory for the import, manufacture, marketing, and use of biochar materials exceeding 1 tonne per year (threshold effective since 2018; previously >10 t/y). The certification process involves comprehensive ecotoxicological evaluation conducted under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) standards, representing both a technical and financial challenge.
3. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR):
   Producers must adhere to EPR obligations, ensuring environmental accountability throughout the product lifecycle, including collection, recycling, and safe disposal.

Yes, in Europe, it is mandatory to obtain a permit from the Member State (MS) authorities according to EU regulations in order to install and operate a pyrolysis plant for the commercial production of any type of biochar. Typically, around ten different authorities are involved in this mandatory permitting process. Additionally, the REACH regulation requires a mandatory certification for the import, placing on the market, and manufacturing of commercial biochar with a capacity exceeding 1 tonne per year.

The 3R Zero Emission Pyrolysis Technology and ABC Animal Bone Char (ABC) Bio-Phosphate products are fully permitted and compliant with stringent EU legislation and regulations, authorized by the relevant Member State (MS) Authorities.

• Industrial-scale pyrolysis plant installation and operation permit: FES/01/0851-33/2015, issued by the Industrial Safety Inspection Authority along with ten other advising authorities.
• ABC Animal Bone Char Bio-Phosphate horticultural application permit: Number 6300/13393-2/2019.
• Full industrial EU REACH certification: Certified for the highest tonnage band exceeding 1000 tonnes/year.
  REACH registration number: 01-2119490075-38-0042.

REACH stands for Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals — a comprehensive European Union regulation (EC 1907/2006) designed to ensure the protection of human health and the environment from risks posed by chemicals. For ABC BioPhosphate, REACH registration means that the product has undergone a thorough process of data submission, risk assessment, and safety evaluation by accredited authorities. This process verifies the chemical properties, toxicology, environmental impact, and safe use conditions of the product.

The “FPR” Fertilising Products Regulation EU 2019/1009 was amended by Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2022/1519 of 5 May 2022:

• REACH registration is required together with a chemical safety report in several CMCs.
• In CMCs where REACH registration is required by FPR EU 2019/1009 (product used as a fertiliser) much stricter legal requirements applied than for usual REACH products for industrial applications.
• REACH+ requirement of FPR applies for substances to be used in EU fertilising products even below one tonne.
• To comply with the REACH+ requirement in the FPR, the substance has to be registered with the same information required under REACH for substances manufactured or imported at ten tonnes or more per year (10-100 tonnes/year), even if these substances are manufactured or imported below this threshold and below one tonne.
• Where the actual quantities of substances in EU fertilising products regulated by the FPR are higher than 100 tonnes, the additional information requirements laid down in the REACH Regulation apply directly by virtue of that regulation.

ABC BioPhosphate is fully REACH-registered for production volumes exceeding 1000 tonnes per year, placing it in the highest tonnage band, which requires the most comprehensive safety data and testing.

REACH compliance demonstrates ABC BioPhosphate’s commitment to sustainability, regulatory adherence, and market readiness within the EU, ensuring safe use in agriculture and other applications.

The “FPR” Fertilising Products Regulation EU 2019/1009 was amended by Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2022/1519 of 5 May 2022:

• REACH registration is required together with a chemical safety report in several CMCs.
• In CMCs where REACH registration is required by FPR EU 2019/1009 (product used as a fertiliser) much stricter legal requirements applied than for usual REACH products for industrial applications.
• REACH+ requirement of FPR applies for substances to be used in EU fertilising products even below one tonne.
• To comply with the REACH+ requirement in the FPR, the substance has to be registered with the same information required under REACH for substances manufactured or imported at ten tonnes or more per year (10-100 tonnes/year), even if these substances are manufactured or imported below this threshold and below one tonne.
• Where the actual quantities of substances in EU fertilising products regulated by the FPR are higher than 100 tonnes, the additional information requirements laid down in the REACH Regulation apply directly by virtue of that regulation.

The 3R and ABC BioPhosphate engineering, industrial design, environmental, and climate standards are based on regulations and norms from the EU, USA, UK, Australia, and Japan.

The process of converting materials that would otherwise be discarded as waste into useful products.

Zero emission and energy independent circular transformation of unexploited biomass into new and high added value products, perceived to be of greater User/market benefits, higher quality/safety and environmental/climate value with second life and new function, which finished product becomes more practical and financial/non-financial valuable than what it previously was. Upcycling is incl. recycling but at higher level. Supporting rapid green transition by boosting circularity in line with the objectives of the European Green Deal, the EU zero pollution action and the 2030 climate target plans.

What is Unexploited Biomass?
Unexploited biomass refers to biological resources that remain underutilized or have not been developed to their full potential for economic or environmental benefit. These materials often consist of by-products, residues, or waste streams from agriculture, forestry, or food industries that are not effectively harnessed for value-added applications. Examples include animal bone meal, certain types of agricultural residues, and organic waste fractions.

Bone meal, for instance, is classified as unexploited biomass because it cannot be efficiently processed using conventional biomass conversion methods due to its unique composition and physical properties. It requires specialized high-temperature pyrolysis or thermal treatment to transform it into valuable products such as bio-phosphate fertilizers or adsorbents. Utilizing unexploited biomass not only contributes to circular economy principles by reducing waste but also helps conserve natural resources and mitigate environmental impacts by creating renewable and sustainable product streams.

The circular economy is an economic system aimed at minimizing waste and making the most of resources. It reduces material use, redesigns materials and products to be less resource-intensive, and recaptures "waste" as a valuable resource to manufacture new materials and products. This approach promotes sustainability by closing the loop in production and consumption cycles, extending product lifecycles, and reducing environmental impact.

The linear economy follows a "take-make-waste" model, where finite natural resources are extracted to manufacture products. These products are often used only once or not to their full potential, and then discarded as waste. This approach leads to resource depletion, increased environmental pollution, and unsustainable consumption patterns, contrasting sharply with the principles of a circular economy that aims to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency.

Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) are raw materials that hold high economic importance for the European Union due to their essential role in key industries and technologies. These materials face a significant risk of supply disruption because of their concentrated geographic sources, geopolitical factors, and the lack of viable, affordable substitutes.

Phosphate rock and phosphorus are classified as CRMs, reflecting their crucial role in agriculture and various industrial applications.

Regulatory framework:
Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 establishes a comprehensive framework to ensure the secure, sustainable, and resilient supply of CRMs within the EU. This regulation aims to reduce dependency on external sources by promoting sustainable mining, recycling, and innovation in substitution technologies, thereby supporting the EU’s strategic autonomy and green transition goals.

Chemically processed mineral phosphate fertilizers are derived from mined, naturally occurring apatite-based minerals, classified as Critical Raw Materials under EU Regulation 2024/1252. These fertilizers typically contain around 35% P₂O₅ and are rapidly soluble, but their nutrient use efficiency can be as low as 20%.

Phosphate rock, the raw material, can vary in origin and quality. It may be of magmatic origin, characterized by relatively low levels of toxic contaminants such as cadmium and uranium (typically 10–40 mg/kg), exemplified by Russian phosphate deposits. Alternatively, it can be of sedimentary origin, which often contains significantly higher cadmium and uranium concentrations (30–210 mg/kg), such as Moroccan phosphate deposits.

The global supply of low-cadmium phosphate rock is largely depleted, increasing reliance on sources with higher contamination levels. Besides posing environmental and health risks due to toxic heavy metals, phosphate rock is also a primary source of uranium used in nuclear fuel enrichment, linking its mining to both agricultural and energy sectors.

Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) refers to the ability of crops to absorb and utilize nutrients effectively to achieve optimal yields. It encompasses key physiological processes in plants such as nutrient uptake, assimilation, storage, mobilization/remobilization, and overall nutrient utilization.

The expected NUE for chemically processed mineral fertilizers is relatively low: approximately 25-50% for Nitrogen, around 17% for Phosphorus, and about 50% for Potassium. This low efficiency results in a linear and “dead-end” nutrient flow where a significant portion of applied nutrients is lost. Excess nutrients, especially Nitrogen and Phosphorus, are often leached into water bodies, causing environmental pollution such as eutrophication. Additionally, Phosphorus tends to become fixed in the soil by binding to calcium, making it unavailable to plants over the long term, further limiting its efficiency.

Soft phosphate rock is an unprocessed, naturally occurring sedimentary apatite-based mineral, classified as a Critical Raw Material under the EU Regulation 2024/1252. It has a medium phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) content but is characterized by low water solubility, resulting in poor plant availability and low nutrient use efficiency.

Soft phosphate rock often contains varying and sometimes high levels of toxic heavy metals, particularly cadmium and uranium, with cadmium concentrations ranging from 30 mg/kg to 210 mg/kg. Sedimentary origin deposits, such as those found in Morocco, constitute the majority of global phosphate rock resources.

New EU regulations effective from July 16, 2022, set a strict maximum allowable cadmium content of 1.5 mg/kg for phosphate materials used in fertilisers and related products, significantly limiting the use of high-cadmium soft phosphate rock in agricultural applications.

Pyrolysis material — commonly referred to as biochar — is a stable, carbon-rich product derived from the thermal decomposition of plant biomass and/or food-grade animal bones in the absence of oxygen. It is legally recognized in the EU as a chemically modified substance, and may serve as:

• a solid organic fertilizer,
• a solid organo-mineral fertilizer, and/or
• an organic soil improver.

Depending on the input feedstock, pyrolysis materials may be classified as either UVCB substances (Unknown or Variable Composition, Complex Reaction Products or Biological Materials) or well-defined mono-/multiconstituent substances under the REACH Regulation.

All biochar/pyrolysis materials placed on the EU market must meet the following core requirements:

• Mandatory EU and Member State authorisations for import, manufacturing, marketing, and application above 1 tonne/year.
• REACH registration (according to Regulation EC 1907/2006). REACH+ requirement of FPR applies for substances to be used in EU fertilising products even below one tonne.
• Proper labelling and safe handling throughout the value chain, ensuring product traceability and compliance with extended producer responsibility (EPR) obligations.
• Sustainable sourcing of input materials, ensuring no competition with human food, animal feed, or essential plant nutrients, and no land-use conflicts.
• Alignment with EU Circular Economy objectives, including waste valorisation and reduced environmental footprint.

Legal and Functional Criteria

A safe biochar/pyrolysis material must fully meet the following four criteria:

1. Functional Use: It is commonly used for specific agricultural or environmental purposes, such as an organic fertilizer or soil amendment.
2. Market Demand: There is demonstrated market demand for the safe use of biochar.
3. Legal Compliance: It fulfills all relevant legal, technical, and quality standards applicable to its specific application.
4. No Adverse Effects: Its use must not result in negative environmental or human health impacts.

Material-Specific Applications

• ABC Animal Bone Char Bio-Phosphate:
  A high-mineral-content pyrolysis material made from food-grade animal bones. It functions as a recovered organic phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) fertilizer, typically applied at rates of 100–600 kg/ha. It is widely used in horticultural growing media and specialty crop systems.
• Plant-Based Biochar:
  A high-carbon-content material derived from plant biomass, primarily used as a soil improver. It is applied at rates between 5,000–20,000 kg/ha for its water and nutrient retention properties and carbon sequestration benefits. However, it does not provide significant macronutrient (NPK) content of agronomic value.

Both types of pyrolysis material may offer additional co-benefits, such as:

• improved soil structure,
• reduced greenhouse gas emissions,
• increased microbial biodiversity,
• and enhanced long-term soil carbon storage.

Legal Notice

Soil application of biochar/pyrolysis materials is irreversible. Therefore, all actors in the value chain — including producers, importers, distributors, and end-users — bear joint and several liability for compliance and responsible use. In addition to the mandatory EU and national permits, operators must observe the precautionary and preventive principles in line with international, EU, and Member State legal frameworks.

Thermochemical Conversion (under semi-oxidative conditions): The thermochemical processing of carbonaceous (carbon-based) raw materials under semi-oxidative conditions using a controlled amount of oxygen, air, oxygen-enriched air, and/or steam. This occurs at temperatures ranging from 700°C to 1100°C, with the primary objective of producing industrial gas mixtures known as synthesis gas or syngas, which are used for energy production.

Thermochemical Conversion (under full oxidative conditions): The thermochemical processing of carbonaceous (carbon-based) raw materials under fully oxidative conditions at temperatures ranging from 900°C to 1200°C. This process involves the complete combustion of substances to destructively convert them into energy.

Plant-based pyrolysis material is a carbon-rich product derived from the thermal decomposition of residual plant biomass under limited or no oxygen (pyrolysis) conditions. It typically contains a very high fixed carbon content, often exceeding 90%, and is primarily used as a soil improver, rather than a direct nutrient source.

The application rates range from 5 to 20 tonnes per hectare, with an average of 10 t/ha depending on soil type, crop system, and specific agronomic goals.

Although plant-based pyrolysis materials (commonly known as biochar) do not have significant direct fertiliser value in terms of macronutrients (NPK), they offer a range of important indirect agronomic and environmental benefits, including:

• Enhanced water retention in soil
• Improved nutrient retention and availability
• Carbon sequestration, contributing to climate change mitigation
• Improved soil structure and aeration
• Support for microbial activity and increased soil biodiversity
• Reduction of soil acidity in certain conditions
• Immobilization of heavy metals and pollutants in contaminated soils

Plant-based pyrolysis material plays an essential role in circular and regenerative agriculture, aligning with EU Green Deal objectives and sustainable soil management strategies.

Note: While biochar contributes to better soil health and long-term productivity, it must be carefully assessed for feedstock origin, production conditions, and environmental compliance. Its use is regulated in the EU under the Fertilising Products Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 (CMC 14), and and REACH registration is mandatory for commercial applications: REACH+ requirement of FPR applies for substances to be used in EU fertilising products even below one tonne.

Thermochemical Conversion (oxygen-limiting conditions): A thermochemical conversion process carried out under oxygen-limiting conditions. It involves the thermal decomposition of carbonaceous (carbon-based) raw materials in the absence of air (fully reductive conditions), typically at material core temperatures ranging from >350°C to 850°C. The primary objective is to produce refined, porous solid carbon materials for a wide range of industrial and agricultural applications, including activated carbon adsorbents.